Clinical Skills
What are the '2Cs'? | Clean and Consent |
What should you always get before touching a patient or a model/fellow student? | Consent |
When should you clean your hands? | Before and after touching a patient |
What does IPPA stand for? | Inspection, Palpation, Percussion and Auscultation |
What does SOCRATES stand for? | Site, Onset, Character, Radiation, Associated features, timing, exacerbation, severity |
What is a stethoscope used for? | Auscultation of respiratory and heart sounds |
What side of the stethoscope should you use for most uses? | Diaphragm (flat face) |
Whats the name for the measure of pressure that the circulating blood exerts against the arterial walls? | Blood Pressure |
How do you calculate blood pressure? | Cardiac output x peripheral vascular resistance |
What is the name for the pulse you need to palpate first when measuring blood pressure which stops at the approximate systolic blood pressure? | Brachial Pulse |
What is the name for the pressure when the sounds completely disappear? | diastolic pressure |
Whats the name for the sounds you can hear through the stethoscope when measuring a blood pressure manually? | Korotkoff sounds |
Whats the scientific name for a blood pressure monitor? | Sphygomanometer |
What is a normal oral or ear temperature? | 37 degrees C |
Whats the name of the artery that is at the radial bone side of the wrist? | radial artery. |
whats the name of the artery at the inner side of the biceps? | brachial artery. |
whats the name of the artery on the side of the neck between the larynx and the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle? | carotid artery |
whats the name for the artery in the groin? | femoral artery |
whats the name for the artery behind the inner ankle? | posterioir tibial artery |
whats a resting heart rate? | 60-90bpm |
whats the bpm for bradycardia? | less than 60bpm |
whats the bpm for tachycardia? | more than 100bpm |
Whats the most common cause of irregularly irregular pulse? | atrial fibrillation |
what refers to the waveform or shape of the arterial pulse? | character |
what refers to the perceived degree of pulsation and reflects the pulse pressure? | volume |
what does a pulse oximeter measure? | the arterial oxygen saturation (spO2) |
how does a pulse oximeter work? | determines the proportion of haemoglobin thats oxygenated |
whats a normal oxygen saturation reading? | 90-100% |
what is the name for the measure that uses an individuals height and weight to see if they are healthy? | BMI |
what are some uses of urinalysis? | screening for diabetes, diagnosing UTIs and monitoring drug compliance |
what can the urine dipsticks test the levels of? | blood, leukocytes, nitrite, specific gravity, glucose, protein, ketones and pH. |
what is the normal pH of urine? | 4.5-8 |
what could high levels of glucose indicate? | poorly controlled diabetes |
what ketone does urinalysis test for? | acetoacetate |
when does ketonuria occur? | In diabetic ketoacidosis, starvation, alcohol use and low carb diets |
what does cloudy urine indicate the prescence of? | leucocytes |
what does high leucocyte levels detect? | prescence of neutrophils - indicating UTI, inflammation, stone disease or urothelial cencer |
what does a blood level of over 1 positive for? | non-visible haematuria |
what does a positive result for nitrites indicate? | bacteriuria |
what should you always wear when doing a urine dipstick? | gloves |
What does a CBG stand for? | capillary blood glucose measurement |
whats the normal fasting BGC level? | 3.9mmol/L - 5.6mmol/l |
what does a blood glucose less than 4mmol/L indicate? | hypoglycaemia |
how do you manage hypoglycaemia | administer glucose immediately |
whats the name of the calculator that works out the risk of an individual developing a heart attack/stroke over next 10yrs? | QRISK3 |
What does NEWS2 stand for? | national early warning score |
whats does the NEWs2 detect | deterioration in the health of adults |