Milady CIMA Chapter 5: Infection Control - Principles & Practices

Milady CIMA Chapter 5: Infection Control - Principles & Practices

Levels of Decontamination

• Cleaning

  • Purpose:

  • Removes dirt and debris.

• Disinfecting

  • Purpose:

  • Kills most pathogens (not spores).

  • Examples:

    • Soap & water.

    • EPA-registered disinfectants (e.g., Barbicide).

• Sterilizing

  • Purpose:

  • Destroys all microbial life.

  • Examples:

    • Autoclave (not used in salons).

Types of Microorganisms

• Bacteria:

  • Definition: One-celled organisms categorized as pathogenic (harmful) or non-pathogenic (harmless).

  • Types of Bacteria:

  • Cocci: Round-shaped (e.g., staphylococcus, streptococcus, diplococci).

  • Bacilli: Rod-shaped (e.g., tetanus, tuberculosis).

  • Spirilla: Spiral-shaped (e.g., syphilis, Lyme disease).

• Virus:

  • Definition: An infectious agent that requires a host (examples include HIV and hepatitis).

• Fungi:

  • Types include mold, mildew, and yeast (example: ringworm).

• Parasites:

  • Examples include lice and scabies.

Bacteria Life Cycle

• Active Stage:

  • Bacteria grow and reproduce through a process called binary fission.

• Inactive Stage:

  • Bacteria form spores to survive harsh conditions.

Transmission of Microorganisms

• Direct Transmission:

  • Occurs through touch or body fluids.

• Indirect Transmission:

  • Occurs via contaminated tools or surfaces.

• Airborne Transmission:

  • Occurs through coughing or sneezing, dispersing pathogens into the air.

Disinfection Rules

• Use EPA-registered, hospital-grade products with bactericidal, virucidal, and fungicidal effects.

• Replace disinfectant solutions daily or as directed by manufacturer guidelines.

• Immerse tools fully to ensure sufficient contact time for effective disinfection.

• Never mix different chemicals as it may create harmful reactions.

• Porous items must be discarded after a single use to prevent cross-contamination.

Universal Precautions

• Treat all clients and all body fluids as if they are infectious to prevent transmission of pathogens.

• Wash hands thoroughly before and after each service to maintain hygiene.

• Wear gloves to minimize exposure risk during professional services.

• Disinfect all tools and surfaces used during client services.

Exposure Incident Steps

1. Immediately stop the service.

2. Put on gloves to protect yourself from contaminants.

3. Clean any wound with an antiseptic solution to prevent infection.

4. Bandage the affected area to protect it.

5. Disinfect all tools and surfaces involved in the incident to mitigate the risk of further contamination.

6. Dispose of any contaminated items safely and in accordance with regulations.

Safety & Regulation

• OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration):

  • Responsible for workplace safety; mandates the availability of Safety Data Sheets (SDS).

• EPA (Environmental Protection Agency):

  • Approves and regulates disinfectants used for safety and effectiveness.

• State Boards:

  • Enforce salon sanitation laws to ensure compliance with health standards.

• Safety Data Sheets (SDS):

  • Provide information on chemical hazards, safe usage, and emergency procedures related to disinfectants and other chemicals used in practice.

Levels of Decontamination

• Cleaning

  • Purpose:

  • Removes dirt and debris.

  • A mechanical process that physically removes contaminants but does not kill microorganisms.

  • Essential first step before disinfection or sterilization.

• Disinfecting

  • Purpose:

  • Kills most pathogens (not spores).

  • A chemical process that significantly reduces the number of pathogens.

  • Generally ineffective against bacterial spores and some resistant viruses.

  • Examples:

  • Soap & water.

  • EPA-registered disinfectants (e.g., Barbicide).

• Sterilizing

  • Purpose:

  • Destroys all microbial life.

  • The highest level of decontamination, destroying all forms of microbial life, including spores.

  • Crucial for invasive procedures where all pathogens must be eliminated.

  • Examples:

  • Autoclave (not used in salons).

Types of Microorganisms

• Bacteria:

  • Definition: One-celled organisms categorized as pathogenic (harmful) or non-pathogenic (harmless).

  • Types of Bacteria:

  • Cocci: Round-shaped (e.g., staphylococcus, streptococcus, diplococci). Often appear in clusters, pairs, or chains and are generally non-motile.

  • Bacilli: Rod-shaped (e.g., tetanus, tuberculosis). The most common type of bacteria; may produce spores and can have flagella for movement.

  • Spirilla: Spiral-shaped (e.g., syphilis, Lyme disease). Characterized by their corkscrew shape and rapid movement via flagella.

• Virus:

  • Definition: An infectious agent that requires a host (examples include HIV and hepatitis). Much smaller than bacteria and can only replicate inside living cells.

• Fungi:

  • Types include mold, mildew, and yeast (example: ringworm). Ranging from single-celled yeasts to multicellular molds, they can cause superficial, cutaneous, or systemic infections.

• Parasites:

  • Examples include lice and scabies. Organisms that live on or in a host and derive nutrients at the host's expense.

Bacteria Life Cycle

• Active Stage:

  • Bacteria grow and reproduce through a process called binary fission. They thrive in warm, dark, damp, or dirty environments. In binary fission, a single cell divides into two new cells, often every 20-60 minutes.

• Inactive Stage:

  • Bacteria form spores to survive harsh conditions. When conditions become unfavorable (e.g., lack of food, extreme temperatures, disinfectants), they become dormant. Spores are protective outer coverings that make them highly resistant to environmental stressors; they can revert to the active stage when conditions improve.

Transmission of Microorganisms

• Direct Transmission:

  • Occurs through touch or body fluids, such as shaking hands or contact with an open wound.

• Indirect Transmission:

  • Occurs via contaminated tools or surfaces, like touching a doorknob touched by an infected person.

• Airborne Transmission:

  • Occurs through coughing or sneezing, dispersing pathogens into the air, which can then be inhaled by others.

Disinfection Rules

• Use EPA-registered, hospital-grade products with bactericidal, virucidal, and fungicidal effects. This ensures effectiveness against a broad spectrum of pathogens in professional settings.

• Replace disinfectant solutions daily or as directed by manufacturer guidelines. Their efficacy diminishes over time due to contamination and chemical breakdown.

• Immerse tools fully to ensure sufficient contact time for effective disinfection. All surfaces of the item must be exposed to the disinfectant.

• Never mix different chemicals as it may create harmful reactions, toxic fumes, or render the disinfectants ineffective.

• Porous items must be discarded after a single use to prevent cross-contamination, as they cannot be adequately disinfected and can harbor pathogens within their pores.

Universal Precautions

• Treat all clients and all body fluids as if they are infectious to prevent transmission of pathogens.

• Wash hands thoroughly before and after each service to maintain hygiene and prevent the spread of germs.

• Wear gloves to minimize exposure risk during professional services when contact with blood, body fluids, or contaminated items is possible.

• Disinfect all tools and surfaces used during client services to ensure a clean and safe environment.

Exposure Incident Steps

1. Immediately stop the service.

2. Put on gloves to protect yourself from contaminants.

3. Clean any wound with an antiseptic solution to prevent infection.

4. Bandage the affected area to protect it.

5. Disinfect all tools and surfaces involved in the incident to mitigate the risk of further contamination.

6. Dispose of any contaminated items safely and in accordance with regulations.

Safety & Regulation

• OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration):

  • Responsible for workplace safety; mandates the availability of Safety Data Sheets (SDS) to inform workers about chemical hazards.

• EPA (Environmental Protection Agency):

  • Approves and regulates disinfectants used for safety and effectiveness, ensuring they meet specified standards.

• State Boards:

  • Enforce salon sanitation laws to ensure compliance with health standards and protect public safety.

• Safety Data Sheets (SDS):

  • Provide comprehensive information on chemical hazards, safe usage, handling, storage, and emergency procedures related to disinfectants and other chemicals used in practice.

Levels of Decontamination

1. What is the difference between cleaning, disinfecting, and sterilizing in terms of their effectiveness against pathogens?

2. Why is cleaning considered a mechanical process?

3. Which level of decontamination destroys all microbial life including spores?

Types of Microorganisms

1. Identify the shape associated with the following bacteria:

   • Cocci: _

   • Bacilli: _

   • Spirilla: _

2. Which microorganism is much smaller than bacteria and can only replicate inside living cells?

3. List $2$ examples of parasites found in salon environments.

Bacteria Life Cycle

1. Describe the process of binary fission and the conditions bacteria require to thrive.

2. How long does it typically take for a single cell to divide ($20-60$ minutes)?

3. What is the purpose of the inactive stage and the formation of spores?

Transmission of Microorganisms

1. Provide an example of how indirect transmission occurs compared to direct transmission.

2. How are pathogens dispersed during airborne transmission?

Disinfection Rules

1. List $3$ properties an EPA-registered hospital-grade disinfectant must have.

2. Explain why tools must be immersed fully in disinfectant solution.

3. Why is it dangerous to mix different chemicals?

Universal Precautions

1. According to Universal Precautions, how should a professional treat every client and their body fluids?

2. When should a salon professional wash their hands during a service?

Exposure Incident Steps

1. What are the first $2$ steps a professional must take immediately following an exposure incident?

2. Why must all contaminated items be disposed of according to specific regulations?

Safety & Regulation

1. Which federal agency mandates the availability of Safety Data Sheets (SDS)?

2. What is the role of the EPA in regulating salon disinfectants?

3. Who enforces salon sanitation laws to ensure public safety?