Animal Structure and Function 

  • functional: structures of animals have evolved as a result of __ outcomes
  • Anatomical features: All features that have evolved in ways that enable survival in an animal’s environment
  • Physiology: The biological functions an organism performs; results in correlation between structure and function
  • closely: the comparative study of animals reveals that form and function are __ related
  • size and shape: what affects the way an animal interacts with its environment?
  • genome: what determines that many different body plans that have evolved?
  • shape size, and environment: what determines an animal’s ability to perform certain actions?
  • convergence: ___ is a reflection of different species’ adaptations to a similar environmental challenge (leads to develop similar structures due to solving similar problems)
  • what you need to do: what dictates function:
  • how to solve functional problems: what dictates structure?
  • size and shape: what directly affects how an animal exchanges energy and materials with its surroundings?
  • transported across the cell’s plasma membranes: exchange happens when substances are diffused in the aqueous medium and _ _ _ _ _ _
  • surface are: rate of exchange of materials correlates to membrane _ _ (higher= more material)
  • access inside and outside the body: what must there be for multicellular organization to work?
  • sac body plan: body walls that are two cells thick and facilitate diffusion of materials (meet the requirement of access to inside and outside the body)
  • highly folded internal surfaces: more complex organisms have what for exchanging materials?
  • increase: branching and folding do what to surface area?
  • variable environment: advantage of complex systems is that they can have the stability to survive in _ _
  • metabolically expensive: disadvantage of complex systems is that they’re _ _
  • interstitial fluid: the space between the cells in vertebrates which allows for the movement of material into and out of the cell
  • different functions: Most animals are composed of specialized cells organized into tissues that have _ _
  • digestive system: main function is food processing
  • Circulatory system: main function is internal distribution of matierlas
  • respiratory system: main function is gas exchange
  • immune and lymphatic system: main function is body defense
  • endocrine system: main function is coordination of body activities
  • integumentary system: main function is protection against mechanical injury
  • skeletal muscular system: main function is body support
  • epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous: the four types of tissue categories
  • Epithelial tissue: covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body (contains cells that are closely joined)
  • cuboidal (like dice), columnar (like bricks end), squamous (like floor tiles): different shapes of epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue: This tissue mainly binds and supports other tissue
  • fibroblasts (secrete fibre protein), macrophages (engluft foreign particles): what is contained in the extracellular matrix of the sparsely scattered cells of connective tissue
  • collagenous fibres, elastic fibres, reticular fibres: three type of connective tissue fibres
  • Collagenous fibers: provide strength and flexibility.
  • Elastic fibers: stretch and snap back to their original length.
  • Reticular fibers: join connective tissue to adjacent tissues
  • loose connective tissue, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue, adipose tissue, blood, bone: 6 types of connective tissue
  • Loose connective tissue: binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
  • Cartilage: is a strong and flexible support material
  • Fibrous connective tissue: is found in tendons, which attach muscles to bones, and ligaments, which connect bones at joints
  • Adipose tissue: stores fat for insulation and fuel
  • Blood: is composed of blood cells (erythrocytes – RBC and leukocytes - WBC) and cell fragments in blood plasma
  • Bone: is mineralized and forms the skeleton
  • Muscle tissue: Tissue that consists of long cells called muscle fibers, which contract in response to nerve signals
  • skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle: three types of muscle tissue
  • Skeletal muscle: AKA striated muscle, is attached to bones and is responsible for voluntary movement
  • Smooth muscle: This mainly lines internal organs and is responsible for involuntary body activities
  • Cardiac muscle: is responsible for contraction of the heart
  • Nervous tissue: type of tissue that senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal
  • neurons: transmit nerve impulse
  • glial cells: Help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons
  • endocrine and nervous system: control and coordination depend on which two systems?
  • endocrine system: which system transmits chemical signals called hormones to receive (target) cells through the body via blood; may affect one or more regions throughout the body
  • fast, slow: hormones can be _ (epinephrine) or _ (release of thyroid stimulating hormones)
  • nervous system: transmits information between specific locations; information conveyed depends on its pathway and not type of signal
  • regulator: uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in teh face of external environmental fluctuation; stays constant
  • conformer: allow its internal condition to varying with certain changes; fluctuates
  • stimulus, sensor, response: for a given variable, fluctuates above or below a set point act as a , which are detected by a , and trigger a __; response returns variable back to set point
  • negative feedback: the dynamic equilibrium of homerostatis is maintained by _ _, which helps to return a variable to either a normal range or a set point
  • positive feedback: although does not contribute to homeostasis, it escalates a trend
  • acclimation: remodelling in response to change in set points and normal ranges to a single environmental factor are called __; happen just within an organism; not adaptation
  • acclimatization: Homeostasis can adjust to complex changes in external environment through a process called __; not adaptaion
  • Thermoregulation: is the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
  • Ectothermic: animals gain heat from external sources; including most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and non-avian reptiles
  • Endothermic: animals generate heat by metabolism; birds and mammals are this
  • conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation: organisms exchange heat by four physical processes
  • insulation, circulatory adaptations, cooling by evaporative heat loss, behavioural responses, adjusting metabolic heat production: 5 general adaptations that help animals thermoregulate
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