unit 4 - madison

• james madison win in 1808 and 1812

  • democratic republican

• federalist party back on the rise

  • probably for embargo acts - people were not happy

• madison is a disciple of jefferson

• wrote federalist papers and introduced bill of rights

• he was a slave owner

• dolly madison - active first lady

  • expanded social network through dinner parties, balls, etc.

  • “big dolly and little jimmy

troubles in the west

• harrison - indiana territory governor

• objective - open land for american settlement

• tactic - divide and conquer native americans to negotiate troubles

• antagonists - shawnee chief tecumseh and brother “the prophet”

  • claimed all land for american settlements

  • claimed all lands held by tribes

  • no tribe had right to sell land/sign treaties

  • fought us settlements

tippecanoe 1811

• americans us victory for harrison

• tecumseh to seek out war with us

  • pushed solidly into british alliance

  • joins british side in war of 1812

• old iron side - uss ship constitution

troubles w/ britain

• “america’s second war for independence”

  • native americans provoked in west

• american war hawks on the rise

  • favor invading canada

• bargaining chip to use on britain sea power

• great american triumvate - three powerful statesmen

  • henry clay (west-kentucky), johny calhoun (south-south carolina), and daniel webster (new england-massachussets)

war hawks

• clay and calhoun - key leaders

• wanted to defend american honor overseas

• overcome native american resistance on frontier

• british - canadian land is enticing

  • can’t beat them overseas, but maybe on canada land

• britian/napoleonic wars - good time to strike

• opposition - daniel webster, federalist party, merchants

  • opposed for commercial and financial reasons

  • viewed war as a scheme to take canada for the republicans and to help france/napoleon

  • federalists live in the danger zone (new england)

  • we are ill prepared to fight the war

mr madison’s war

• war is declared - article 1, section 8, clause II

• war of 1812 congressional vote: “war power clause”

  • 98 to 62 (house and senate)

daniel webster

• federalist before 1825

  • republican (1825-33), whig (1833-52)

• strict constitutionalist

• against war and conscription; justification in nullification

war of 1812

• declared in june

• british are too busy to fight us w/ napoleon

  • british power is globally dispersed

• americans w/ slight advantage of fighting near home

• war w/ napoleon begins to end at leipaig (october 1813)

• by 1814 - british blockade all major american ports

4 battles in northern theater

1. surrender at fort detroit (aug 1812)

   • americans give up detroit to british and tecumseh who win with a smaller force and deception

2. battle of lake erie (sept 1813)

   • americans win on the lake

   • comodore oliver hazard perry built a fleet

     • “we have met the enemy and they are ours”

   • harrison chases british and tecumseh north

3. battle of thames river (oct 1813)

   • general harrison - major victory

   • ends british power in northwest and native american alliance

     • tecumseh dies in battle

4. battle of plattsburgh (sept 1814)

   • last invasion of norther states by britain

   • british naval force will surrender and ground forces retreat to canada

   • this leads to treaty of ghent (belgium)

creek war (1813-1814)

• in the deep south

• creeks and settlers (mostly scottish and irish) lived peacefully toge4her

  • even inter-married for over 100 years

• british rebel rousing provocations cause creeks on war path

• creek redsticks - side with british and fight americans

  • led by william weatherform and peter mcqueen

massacre at port mims

• august 1813

• weatherford and mcqueen lead 700-1000 redstick creek warriors slaughtered (300-500) men, women, and children

general andrew jackson

• jackson chases redsticks for months

• corners them at horseshoe bend (march 1814)

  • strongest fortification in all of america

• jackson, tennessee, and kentucky volunteers fight

• creek signs treaty and loses millions of acres of land

british - 1814

• three part plan - offensive

  1. come down to lake champlain and take hudson

     • failure (plattsburgh)

  2. attack in east/chesapeake campaign

     • blandensburg, washington dc, baltimor (aug-sept)

  3. attack in south

     • new orleans (jan 1815)

• they burn washington and move to baltimore

  • need to capture fort mchenry in harbor to control area

• fort mchenry withstands british bombardment becuase water is too shallow to allow big warships in

  • francis scott key wrote “star spangled banner” here

  • he is a lawyer and will negotiate release

• victory in battle of baltimore

december 1814

• president madison has a peace mission in ghent, belgium to end war with a deal

• new england federalists opposition meet in hartford, conneticut

• general jackson facing off against british in new orleans

war opposition

• new england anti-war actions hurt war and treaty efforts

• new england state militias did not answer fighting call

• they had person connections and illegal trade with britain

• the state governments promoted antiwar messages

• this leads to hartford convention in conneticutt

outcome of war

• “status quo ante bellum” - they way things were before

• treaty of ghent - one year of negotiations

  • clay, john quincy adams, and gallatin all present

  • ended war of 1812 - christmas eve 1814

• no one wins the war, but native americans are the big losers

• us gets little for their victory

peace mission too slow

• battle of new orleans - jan 8, 1815

  • great victory for america

• 5,000 american men and 8,000 british men

  • 62 american casualites

  • 2034 british casualties

• jackson creates a coalition of all types of men last minute to fight british

  • pirates show up to help

  • tennessee and georgia frontier men

  • pirates led by jean lafitte

  • choctow indians

  • french, spains, and free african americans from louisiana

• nobody likes the british

madison’s good luck

• news of brilliant victory at new orleans arrives

  • madison and jackson are considered heroes of “the second war for independence”

• hartford convention now borders on treason

  • federalist party is doomed and soon will disappear

• 15,000 deaths total by war