Tema Sintaxis simple.UNED

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1. La Oración

  • Definition: A group of words forming an independent unit with complete sense.

  • Characteristics: Autonomous, structured, and must have a single verbal form.

Types of Oraciones by Speaker's Attitude (Modalities)

  • Enunciativa

    • Affirmative: "El autobús lleva retraso."

    • Negative: "No conozco a ese hombre."

  • Interrogativa

    • Direct: "¿Cuántos años tienes?"

    • Indirect: "Dime la hora del partido de mañana."

  • Exclamativa: "¡No me digas que está ya allí!"

  • Imperativa: "Abre la puerta."

  • Exhortativa: "Te ruego que vengas."

  • Dubitativa: "Puede ser que vaya a casa a las nueve."

  • Desiderativa: "Ojalá me toque la lotería."

Types of Oraciones by Predicate

  • Predicado Nominal: Verbs like "ser," "estar," etc.

    • Atributiva: "Juan está cansado."

    • No atributiva: "Mi hermana estará en Madrid mañana."

  • Predicado Verbal: Any verb excluding copulatives.

    • Transitiva: "Quiero caramelos."

    • Intransitiva: "Nació a primera hora de la tarde."

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2. Sintagmas/Grupos

  • Definition: Words or groups of words corresponding to elements of the sentence.

  • Types:

    • Sintagma Nominal (SN): Nucleus is a noun (e.g., "el equipo andaluz").

    • Sintagma Adjetival (S.Adj): Nucleus is an adjective (e.g., "muy simpático").

    • Sintagma Adverbial (S.Adv): Nucleus is an adverb (e.g., "demasiado cerca").

    • Sintagma Preposicional (S.Prep): Begins with a preposition (e.g., "desde mi ventana").

    • Sintagma Verbal (SV): All predicates of the sentences (e.g., "ven").

3. Funciones Sintácticas

  • Sujeto (SN -S): Must be a noun, pronoun, or adjectival phrase.

    • Characteristics: Cannot start with preposition. Modifications exist but in unmovable order.

    • Subject can be compound.

    • Determinants: Articles, demonstratives, possessives, etc.

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1. La acción del verbo

  • Who suffers the action: "Luis sufre dolor de muelas."

  • Who experiences the action: "Tengo los ojos oscuros."

  • Who receives the action: Passive voice example: "El deportista fue premiado."

  • Instrument of action: "Una piedra rompió la ventana."

  • Who performs the action: "El médico transplantó un corazón."

Oraciones Impersonales

  • Definition: Lack subject. They can’t have it.

  • Types:

    1. Meteorológicas: "Ayer granizó todo el día."

    2. Gramaticales: Verbs like "haber" always with third person singular.

    3. Reflejas: Use of 'se' in third person implies impersonal nature.

Predicado (SV -PV/PN)

  • The structure follows the sentence form.

  • Possible nuclei include verbs: action, state, process, etc.

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Complemento del Nombre (CN)

  • Provides information to a noun.

  • Variants:

    • Complemento del adjetivo (C.Adj): To an adjective: "harto de ti."

    • Complemento del adverbio (C.Adv): To an adverb: "lejos de él."

Estructuras

  • Sintagma prepositional: "una pelota de plástico."

  • Adjetival structure: "un cristal transparente."

Aposición (APOS)

  • Function often in subject: "Granada, la ciudad bonita."

  • Can clarify a sentence structure.

Atributo (ATR)

  • Complimentary use in copulative verbs indicating characteristics:

    • Noun, adjective or even a whole subordinate clause as an attribute.

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Identifying the Atributo

  • Replaceable by 'lo.’

  • Agreement in number/person with subject.

  • Cannot be omitted from the sentence.

Complemento Predicativo (C.PVO)

  • Optional complement indicating the quality of either subject or direct complement:

    • Examples:

      • Subject: "El chico contestó nervioso."

      • Direct complement: "Luis encontró a su madre fatigada."

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Complemento Directo (CD)

  • Mandatory function requiring certain verbs.

  • Structure: nominal phrase, pronouns, prepositional phrases, etc.

Identifying CD

  • Replaceable by pronouns like "lo" or "la."

  • Never appears in passive sentences.

Complemento Indirecto (CI)

  • Function indicating beneficiaries of verbal actions.

  • Structure primarily involves prepositional phrases starting with "a."

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Identifying CI

  • Identified by replacing with "le" or "les."

  • Preceded solely by "a."

Complementos circunstanciales (CC)

  • Optional adjuncts indicating circumstances like time, place, manner, etc.

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Complemento Agente (C.Ag)

  • Act that carries out an action in passive voice contexts.

Identifying C.Ag

  • Appears only in active sentences; turns into the subject when flipped to active voice.

Complemento de régimen o suplemento (C. Rég)

  • Necessary complement for particular verbs.

  • Must be preceded by specific prepositions.

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  • Several exercises including classifying sentences by type or modality, analyzing syntax, and identifying the function of "SE" in different examples.