Final

Which theorist of religion argues that religion is necessary for social construction and social functionality: Emile Durkheim

Which theorist of religion argues that religions alienate humans from themselves? Ludwig Feuerbach

Karl Marx argues that religion helps humans cope with:Impoverishment (Poverty).

Which theorist of religion argues that religion is based on wish fulfillment and is

illusory? sigmund Freud

Which theorist of religion argues that religions address material conditions and

economics? Karl Marx

Most of the humans on this planet self-identify as religious.

_____True___________

Edward Tylor argued that religious persons exercise the will to believe.

_____false___________

Name the four questions to which (most) humans respond? Entrance/ origin

invisible entities, afterlife evolutiom

Four fundamental questions about religion to explore throughout the course:
1. Origins of the World: Inquires about creation and existence by powerful beings.
2. Impact of I nvisible Entities: Explores the belief in non-material beings affecting the real world.
3. Change and Contingency: Philosophical question surrounding the nature of existence and change.
4. Afterlife or Existence Post-Death: Discusses beliefs involving reincarnation and afterlife.

Hindu

Multiple creation stories
NO FOUNDER
no single text or holy book(text link to the bible they have rig vedas= sound ohmns)
afterlife = reincarnation
is anything subject to change? yes becuase of reincarnation
invisibility? yes there are entites that are not identifyabel to the 5 senses.

Vedas are Hymns , written in Sanskrit., texts that mention karma and rebirth. based on recitations from sounds (ohmns)

True or False

the Bhagavad Gita is a stand-alone text. False
Dalits are the lowest group within the caste system. TrueHinudism purpose seeks to create socal order prescribing social roles
The religion orgin refflects a hiearcy that reinforces sociotal structures and poromotes adhere to Duty = Dharma

NO FOUNDER / MULTIPLE CREATION STORIES
No single holy book

AFTERLIFE = Reincarnation and the cycle of life
Time is cycnical not linear
Vedas = Ancient sacreed hyms wriiten in sanskirt (based on reincarnation)
Your duty/ the role your prescribed when you show up is not subject to change your dharma(duty) is not subject to time, as well as reincarnation
Invisiblilty? yes there are entities tha are not identifiable by 5 senses.
Rishi= oral tradition in the transission of knowledge / what can the gods can you remember
rig vedas= sound and ohm's
Story of Mahabharata ft. Bhagava j geta this is what ghandi was reading during his studies, which influenced his beliefs about justice and moral duty.
Brahmins upper clase of caste system made hidusim
Karma: The concept of actions and their consequences, emphasizing the importance of ethical living throughout one's life.
Kumela festival every 12 years
use of yoga as spirtual disipline youga helps you perform ur disipline.

The kind of Hinduism that scholars in the West study is based on: Upper-caste Brahminism -

Of the four options, which religious group is the largest? Hindu traditions

Who is the founder of Hindiusm? None of the options.

Sikhism

FOUNDER GURU NANAK
guru nanak was praying to a god that told them there is no hindi or muslim god. sihk traditon sbegan bc grur nanak doesnt like that hindus and muslins are fighting
strife in the 5 rivers punjab region
He is one of the 10 gurus theres 11 in total
female have names they dont liek gender roles or ppl that fight/violence
the 11th guru is a book that has a mixure of holy texts
How to be part of khals a the leaderof the Khalsa, dont drink a potion(amrix) and water a turban not everyone who wears a turban is muslim or sihk wearing a turban is not the 5ks
KARA= BRACLET
KURPAN=KNIFE
KANYA=COMB
KASH=UNDERGARMENT

KEST
- The Guru Granth Sahib is: All of the above.

The majority of Sikhs reside in: Punjab region.

Did any living human gurus exist in the first two centuries of Sikh traditions? 10

Male and female Sikh initiates (members) of the Khalsa have their last name changed. TRUE

Upon ascending from the water after a mystical experience Guru Nanak explicitly stated

that “gender and caste divisions are unholy”.

_____TRUE___________

State one reason why the sacred text of Sikh traditions is considered unique.

It is treated as a living Guru (eternal spiritual authority), not just a text.

What do the words “Sikh” and “Khalsa” mean?

Which religious tradition prioritizes providing a free meal everyday? Sikhism

The majority of Sikhs reside in: India
Male initiates into the Khalsa have their last name changed to: Singh
Which tradition has one specific founder that started the religion? Sikhism
sikh = dispiline

Jainsim

non violence, non -attachment, and non-possession are key principles that guide the followers in their daily lives.
principles are rooted in the belief that every living being has the right to exist and thrive, promoting harmony and respect for all forms of life.

Eating root veggies is bad= anything extraction form ground is an act of violent
Founder = Mahavira, rejected the caste sytem
Sharmas believed the cosmic order was not the creation of god but a place of suffering = REINCARNATION
b/c this is a place of sufferong u need a guide to moksha for liberation and enlightenment
Two sects- Digambars- sky clad unclothed and Svetambara- white clad white clothes
Non veldic= no text no bible
no point of orgin= no creation story time is cycnical
No absolutism, don't believe in absolute truth (elephant example, only see parts, not the whole). No individual can take off the blindfold.
digabarahs can cant own anything true

What are the main principles of Jainism, and how do they guide followers in their daily lives? The main principles of Jainism include non-violence (Ahimsa), truth (Satya), non-stealing (Asteya), celibacy (Brahmacharya), and non-possessiveness (Aparigraha). These tenets encourage followers to live a life of compassion and self-control, advocating for minimal harm to all living beings and fostering a deep respect for the environment.
Of the following, what is not a vow a householder would uphold? non-marriage
In which age are we currently living? 5th
According to devout Jain practitioners, _________ is the founder of Jainism Digambaras

True or False .

According to Jainas, the world was created. False

Digambaras are not permitted to own anything. True

Name one process that occurs during the ceremony when a Jain becomes a monk. Renunciation of possessions ,Hair plucking (tonsure) Taking vows

According to most persons in the Western hemisphere, what controversial image/sign is a part of The Jain symbol? Swasitka

Chinese/Korean (SHINTO AND DAO

Founder of Daoism: Laozi
Dao meaning: “The Way”

What is not one of the five types of relationships that are crucial to stable society? King/vassal

Daoist tradition proposes that ______ wrote the Dao de jing. Lao-tzu (Laozi)
Wu wei is best translated: actionless action

Feng shui encourages one to focus on technology and innovation.

_________False_______

Followers of Daoism emphasize filial piety.

___False _____________

founder lao-tzu
DAISM = PERSONAL LIFE, CONFUCIASM = PUBLIC POLITICAL LIFE = Praacting ur virtue publically
DAISM: Emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao, focusing on the individual's personal journey and inner peace.
CONFUCIANISM: Centers on ethics, moral integrity, and the importance of social roles and relationships, advocating for virtuous governance and public responsibility.
recognition / worship of invisible spirts everythibng ing natural wrld has cosmic energy
Couplets in realationshyip (5)
Ruler ↔ Subject (authority & loyalty)
Father ↔ Son (care & filial piety)
Husband ↔ Wife (roles & harmony)
Elder Brother ↔ Younger Brother (guidance & respect)
Friend ↔ Friend (mutual trust)
OR
kings are priest
Worships ancestors thur funeral sand worship sites w/ what happens
We-ewi - actionless action diminishes ego and intention and will if you mental and phyical dispiline is good you will dimihsihs ue ego
lao tzu argues you should work w/ power and polictics
chang tzu argues detech from society andcritue sociry
we need to let things run their natual course= acepting that ur not in contol
veneration = celebrate ancestors if you elebrate them the spirts will treat yu kindly
The point is to honor them not try to communicate
They worship inanimate objects
- The cosmos is a manesftation of an impersoanl slef gererating physical spirtual substance called wui (no god we ahve energy)
interfering with rld causes imbalnce and can lead to negative consequences in both the physical and spiritual realms.
as far as you engage in virtous beh
avior u have vritous balance
dynaism is complementory seen and unseen forces
THE UNIVERS HAS A RYTHEM UNDERSTOOD AS DAO (TAO) T OR D DONT MATTER SAME THING
If something is off balnce env gad stuff happens as results

- Kami can inhabit: inanimate objects and living beings.

Of the following options, what is at the center (or innermost part) of many shrines? MIRROR

Feng shui helps one determine: natural flow of qi through the earth.

One of the root words that make up the term “Shinto” is from which tradition?Daoism
In traditional Japanese Shinto culture, at what age does a child become an adult? 20

Traditionally, Daoism emphasizes: YIN AND YANG

Who is Shinto’s founder? . NONE

Master Kong Master Shinto Lao-tzu Mencius None of the above

Wu Wei encourages Daoist followers to: diminish their ego.
During which period was State Shinto practiced. Meiji regime

Who is the founder of Daoism? King Ashoka Emperor Meiji,Emperor Horohito Queen Zhou , None of the above

Judaism Jesus was: Answer: c. Jewish

Orthodox Jews are comfortable writing and speaking the name of their divine being. Answer: False
On which mountain did Moses receive divine revelation? Answer: b. Mt. Sinai
(Note: Mt. Horeb is sometimes used as another name, but Mt. Sinai is the standard exam answer.)Question 10
Who destroyed the Second Temple of Judaism? Answer: a. None of the options
(Correct historical answer: the Romans destroyed it in 70 CE.)

According to Orthodox Jews, Mt. Sinai is where the Messiah will return.

Answer: False

Where did Moses receive divine revelation from YH_H? Mt. Sinai

Which book of the Hebrew Bible is not a part of the Torah? None of the choices .

Anno Mundi means: year after creation.

True or False

Traditionally, persons are Jewish when they convert to Judaism or have a Jewish father.

_False_______________

all of our knowledge of ancient Judaism comes from the FALSE

Extra Credit

Second Temple destroyed: 70 CE
Redemptive suffering text: Book of Job (or Isaiah in many courses)
Jaina followers believe that? God does not exist and humans do not have souls.

Christainity

Lutheranism is not one of the five main branches of Christianity.
→ True
Question 2: Which of the gospels did Jesus write?
→ c) None of the choices
Question 3: The Great Schism between the East and West churches occurred in 451 CE.
→ False (it happened in 1054 CE)
Question 4: Which gospel is not one of the synoptic gospels?
→ b) John
Question 5: Jesus was:
→ e) alll options
Jesus was: All of the options
The majority of the Christian Scriptures (i.e. New Testament) were written by:Paul
Which gospel is not one of the synoptic gospels? Thomas OR None of the above

True or False

The Gospel of John was written during Jesus’s time on earth. FALSE

Roman Catholicism is responsible for most of the growth in Christianity in the 20

thEcentury. FLASE

Name as many of the five primary branches of Christianity as possible.

Roman Catholic

Eastern Orthodox
Lutheran
Protestant
Anglican

What occurred at the Council of Nicea? Established the Nicene Creed and addressed debates about the Trinity (Arian controversy).

Name reasons why the Great Schism occurred.

Authority of the Pope
Filioque clause dispute
Cultural/language divide (Latin vs Greek)
Political tensions

BUDHISM

Shakyamun Buddha: The founder of Buddhism, Birth name Siddhartha Gautama (person u go to for deliverance )
4 sights = (old person, Dead person, beggar, priest/ mendicant/monk)
Buddha attempts to find understanding through asceticism
Yoga disipline are a way of disipling ur mind, body, and emotions
3 points = greed, hatred, delusion
Dali lama there are 14 in total, how they decide to be the next dali lama is by finding a boy that gets tested where various objects are presented to him and if he can identify that these objects are favorites of the prior dali lama notion that time is cycnical and that he knows bc hes been here before
Buddhist sin is called MARA
Centrality of dependent orgination = NO POINT OF ORGIN, no creation story that explains why humans are so greedy, hatred and delusinal
4 noble truths 1) suffering is inevitable, 2)suffering is caused by craving which is rooted in ignorance, 3) suffering will cease when craving ceases, 4). REALIZING THE CESSATION OF SUFFERING W/ THE NOBLE EIGHT FOLD PATH TRYING TO BECOME MINDFUL THRU MEDITATION
NOBLE EIGHT (theres a wheel deprending on where u start determines where your going to end dharama wheel
We’re all greedy, hating, and delusional, so much to that the consequences of getting it wrong are reaching
Commitments = 1) the world is a place of suffering, so what brings you pleause ends up leading to ur own suffdering ,2) Impermannece- anitya= emptiness being is becominh there is nothing that makes a eprson a person so no essence, 3) No self- anatma there is no soul or self to be reborn (sociology)N you dont choose what you like bc you like it , you choose it bc your a proudcut of your environment We hold ppl acountable thru karma
realization that ascetism was not the right path. achievement of enlightenment through personal awakening, leading to the title of buddha the awakened one, liberation from suffering
Last words of buddha impermnant are all formations are observed carefully, constantly they dont think about what makes a person a person; they don't believe people have an essence
Reincarnation sucks
U become liberated or awakened when your memory is not present
He was a prince and untill the age pf 16, he did not leave the kingdom (sheltred), when he goes outside he goes outside the fourtress and sees the 4 sights leads him to belive hes been lied to his whole lofe
Buddhist school of thought emphasizes a written canon?Theravada

Section exam more mulitiple choic

Which religious tradition prioritizes providing a free meal everyday? Sikhism
Which German intellectual argued for the Axial Age theory? Karl Jaspers
For many indigenous traditions, time is: cyclical. rhythmic a & b

According to the textbook, human are religious because they: fear death. do not understand natural disasters. a & b

religions of antiquity began to develop in the: Ancient Near East.
Which problem is not common for those engaged in the academic study of religion? Sinner/saint
whatt is the world’s largest religion? Christianity None of the options

-According to the definition in the textbook, religions stress: obligation in relationships.

True or false

When studying organized religions, the issues of authenticity and authorship are

prevalent in the insideoutside problem. TRUE

To study organized religions, one must be religious or spiritual. FALSE

Worldviews encourage controlling the environment. TRUE

An indigenous way-of-life interprets everything in the cosmos as interrelated.

TRUE

Indigenous traditions usually value oral cultures. TRUE

Indigenous traditions stress the importance of the English language. FALSE

According to Statista (via the slides), Greenland has the most indigenous inhabitants. FALSE

18. Agriculture began to develop in the Fertile Crescent. TRUE
19. Cave paintings and burials suggested that humans in antiquity had religious

commitments, beliefs and practices. TRUE

William James argued that religious persons exercise the will to believe. TRUE

King Ashoka was instrumental in the early growth of Buddhism. True

Jaina followers believe time as cyclical. True

jains are the most wealthy of the religious groups in India. trye

Important leaders in Sikh traditions created their own alphabet.

Which group is the lowest within the caste system DALITS

Name one thing Digambaras can own? NOTHING NO POSESIONS

MATCHING

William James → Experiential (Psychology)
Feuerbach → Alienation (Anthropology)
Marx → Material (Economy)
Geertz → Cultural (Anthropology)
Tylor → Animism (Ethnography)
Freud → Illusory (Psychoanalysis)
Durkheim → Functional (Society)

FOUR QUESTIONS

BAsed on the lecture, list the four questions to which religions respond?...1 pt. each
1.Four fundamental questions about religion to explore throughout the course:
1. Origins of the World: Inquires about creation and existence by powerful beings.
2. Impact of I nvisible Entities: Explores the belief in non-material beings affecting the real world.
3. Change and Contingency: Philosophical question surrounding the nature of existence and change.
4. Afterlife or Existence Post-Death: Discusses beliefs involving reincarnation and afterlife.

Muslum/islam

Islam means: submission.
Which gospel is not synoptic? John

What marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar? hijrah

When was the Second Temple destroyed? 70 CE

The Qur’an is written in arabic.

Where did Moses receive divine revelation Mt. Sinai

In which year did the hijrah occur? 622 CE

Jesus was:

a. Jewish.

b. a sibling.

c. a political prisoner.

d. homeless.

e. All of the options.

Which is not one of the five pillars of Sunni Islam? Ramadan

The Nation of Israel was reconstituted in: 1948