How has China been impacted by it's authoritative rule?
==AUTHORITATIVE:==
==^ can mean a lot of lack of individual rights==
==^also means that you can have some pretty great achievements (at what cost though?)==
==HOW DO THE DYNASTIES PROVIDE AN EXAMPLE OF AUTHORITARIAN RULE IN CHINA?==
- ==military conquering territory & create dynasty==
- ==rulers seek absolute power & immortality==
- ==Qin emperor burned books & killed scholars to avoid dissent==
- ==Sui emperor forced conversion to Buddhism==
- ==human sacrifice==
* ==construction projects (great wall of china)==
* ==religious==
==WHAT WERE THE PROS & CONS OF THAT RULING SYSTEM?==
^^PROS^^
* ^^effective/efficient court^^
* ^^growth of Chinese territory^^
* ^^technological innovations/inventions^^
* ^^(and just inventions/innovations in general)^^
* ^^massive building projects/art projects^^
* ^^terra-cotta soldiers^^
* ^^great wall of china^^
* ^^growth/trade^^
* ^^peace and stability^^==CONS==
* ==suppression of free speech==
* ==corruption==
* ==no human rights==
* ==cruelty==
* ==1 person = not equipped to understand whole nation==
* ==all power to elite==
* ==emperor over common good==
* ==social divisions==CONFUCIANISM
* 551 BCE
* teacher
* reputation for wisdom
* teachings were written down after his death
* in a book called Analects
* he never wrote anything down when he was alive
* concerned with social order + good government
* suggestions for how people should behave
* suggestions for how dynasties should be run
* there are still strong elements of confucianism in chinese culture
* The 5 Relationships
* rules as to how one should behave in each relationship
* Men are “more important” than women
* different roles in society
* ==subordinates owe obedience to your superior==
* superior owe respect and care for subordinates
* Father to son
* Elder brother to younger brother
* husband to wife
* ruler to subject
* friend to friend
* This system models the greater good around oneself
* the individual is less important than the society as a whole
* Filial Piety
* everyone has duties to follow through on and responsibilities
* correct order leads to stabilityLEGALISM
* more strict than confucianism
* “The nature of man is evil.”
* order is gained through imposing strict laws to have extreme control over people
* harsh punishments
* if someone is caught stealing, you chop off their hand
* strength is what makes a ruler great
* the best quality of a ruler
* Thomas Hann reflected Legalism the best
* “left to their own devices, people will do bad things”Taoism (Daoism)
* The Way of Virtue
* placed nature above society
* rejects conflict
* embraces yielding
* “water is a very powerful force and it yields under pressure, so humans should as well”
* seeks harmony with nature
* views governments as unnatural
* believes there’s good within the bad and bad within the good
* it’s all about being balanced
* eventually evolved into a religion
* with gods - goddesses - magical practice
==HOW DO THE THREE CHINESE PHILOSOPHIES REFLECT THE IDEA OF AUTHORITARIAN RULE?==
==-daoism doesn’t reflect authoritarian rule because it’s not about society it’s about your==
==-confucianism contains different relationships and has strict duties, keeps society ordered and loyal to the emperor==
==-legalism is all about the government and obedience to the emperor and their laws. it’s about strict order and harsh punishments as a result of disobeying laws==
==THE EMPEROR MAKES THE DECISION AND WHATEVER THAT DECISION IS MUST BE FOLLOWED==
==-Emperor Zhu Di made the decision to end the voyages which closed off china==
HISTORY OF DRAGON BOAT FESTIVAL
- commemorates the death of Qu Huan
* ==poet + officer of state of Chu during the warring states period (Zhou dynasty)==
* ==opposed kings decision to ally with state of Qin==
* ==exiled for treason==
* wrote many poems during his exile - 28 years after his exile, the state of Qin captured capital of state of Chu
CHINA AND THE NEW IMPERIALISM
- foreigners originally were only allowed a small portion in the south of china to conduct trade with China
- China had enjoyed a positive balance of trade with the west
* they were exporting more than they were importing
* selling more than they were buying
* They exported Silk, Porcelain, and Tea to the west
* They imported gold and silver from the west - By the late 1700s this changed because:
* China entered a period of internal decline
* China has some natural disasters
* corruption in elites of china
* peasants are working the land AND paying the taxes - which the rich don’t do
* also probs bc they had cut themselves off from the rest of the world with their minimized foreign trade section
* at this time Europe was experiencing the Industrial revolution - THE OPIUM WAR
* during late 1700s Britain made large profits by selling Opium to China
* Chinese officials weren’t happy bout that because their people began addiction to opium and were spending all day in an opium den instead of working and making money
* so much money flowed out of money for opium which hurt the Chinese economy
* China then outlawed opium
* executed opium dealers
* they sent a missive to britain saying “STOP SELLING OPIUM TO CHINA”
* britain refuses, they claim they have the right to free trade and sell opium to whomever they like
* they also say no because theyre making a butload of money
* once the british refused China + Britain fight The Opium War at sea in 1839
* chinese lost real bad bc of the british’s advanced weaponry
* unequal treaties were then put in place
* chinese had to pay for british loses
* whatever people died
* whatever ships/equipment was destroyed
* britain takes hong kong from chinese
* china had to open ports to foreign trade powers (against their will)
* over time, other nations forced their way into china like the british
* THEY MAKE unequal treaties for spheres of influence in china
* christian missionaries are also allowed to preach
* but it’s very frowned upon by confucian followers and officials
* THE NEW IMPERIALISM
* “economic imperialism in which foreign powers control foreign ports and certain things in China”
* japan
* russia
* france - ==THE TAIPING REBELLION==
* ==qing dynasty = in decline==
* ==poorly maintained infrastructure==
* ==leads to flooding==
* ==population explosion==
* ==extravagant court==
* ==spending money on it==
* ==corruption in upper classes==
* ==1850-1864 → The Taiping Rebelli==on
* ==peasant uprising led by Hong Xiuquan to establish a “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”==
* ==called for:==
* ==an end to Qing dynasty==
* ==they wanted to get rid of the authoritarian rule==
* land reform
* redivide the land
* give some land to the peasants
* community property
* equality of women and men
* ==after 14 years, gov finally crushed the rebellion==
* ==rebellion showed weakness of Qing government== - EFFORTS AND REFORM AND MODERNIZATION
* em==press Ci Xi surrounded by Confucian officials that wanted to maintain traditional ways==
* ==saw no need to reform (the confucian officials/scholars)==
* ==western ideas + technologies = dangerous to confucian ways==
* self-strengthening movement
* not supported by the gov
* imported western tech
* set-up factories for modern weapons
* developed shipyards
* railroads
* light industry
* translated works on science, gov + economy
* LOSs IN SINO-JAPANESE WAR
* showed how Japan had modernized while China was far behind
* japan was in a superior position to china
* after that japan gets claim to part of china’s territory (taiwan)
* Open Door in China as Britain - France - Germany - Russia - US claim spheres of influence
* china’s not consulted by that
* US didn’t actually have a sphere they just wanted an open door to trade
* ==100 DAYS OF REFORM==
* ==Emperor Gaung Xu wanted to reform china==
* modernize civil service, gov, industry, schools, + military through new laws
* ==failed because of conservative scholars==
* ==they brouth back Ci Xi and railed + imprisoned Gaung Xu==
==China was so far behind that they became susceptible to imperialism and foreign powers beating china down and taking some control over their land==
- THE BOXER REBELLION
* anti foreign feelings in China - presence of missionaries + foreign troops
* 1889/1899 (I DON’T KNOW WHICH)
* secret society “Righteous Harmonious Fists” - dubbed “Boxers” by British - goal to drive out the “Foreign Devils” - attacked foreigners across China
* a response made up of multiple western forces + japan crushed the rebellion
* China then recognized need for reform/modernization
* lets girls go to school
* stressed science + math
* expanded industrialization
* Chinese business class emerged
* spread Chinese nationalism
* introduction of constitutional monarchy - THREE PRINCIPLES OF THE PEOPLE
* Sun Yixian organized revolution for reform - used 3 principles - ==a chinese republic was then formed with the president of Sun Yixian==
* ==wasn’t a super strong president==
* ==he wanted democracy, equality, a strong economy==
* ==couldn’t deliver== - ==handed over the republic to General Yuan Shikai in 1912==
* ==was a strong leader==
* ==wasn’t interested in democracy or three principles of the people==
* ==TRIED TO MAKE HIMSELF EMPEROR== - died in 1916
* ==warlords rise and take control of provinces==
* ==constant fighting/warfare==
* ==economy crashes to the ground==
* ==no ones investing in it==
* ==peasants suffered a lot and there was a whole lot of starvation as a result of economy failing== - ==all of the weaknesses above let foreigners gain more control in China==
* ==Japan takes over the territorial holdings in china that were previously Germany’s in the Treaty of Versailles==
* ==which ended in WWII== - REBELLION + RESISTANCE
* MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT
* student protest of Japanese control on May 4, 1919
* leads to a movement that fights certain cultural traditions and ideas
* women become a large force in the movement that want equal rights, improved status, no more footbinding or arranged marriages
* the goal was to strengthen China by learning from west to end foreign dominance
* rejected confucian ideas in favor of western ideas - NEW POLITICAL DIVIDE IN CHINA
* NATIONALISM
* The Nationalist Party
* (army =Guomindang)
* led by Sun Yixian
* raised an army to fight the warlords
* located in south
* eventually Sun Yixian dies
* Jiang Jieshi becomes new leader
* marches north battling warlords (with Guomindang)
* wanted power
* was more threatened by communists than warlords
* during his expedition to north of china while eliminating warlords he pauses to take a hit at the communist party
* killed communists and supporters of the party (with Guomindang)
* COMMUNISM
* relies on industries and industrial things
* peasants adapt communism to their ways of life
* peasants vs landlords
* some chinese turned to Marxist ideas
* boujawasee vs something else (rich on the left poor on the right)
* after seeing the success of the Russian Revolution
* MAO ZEDONG
* young leader with peasant roots
* appeals to peasants by offering land, schooling, and health care
* due to Jiang’s pursuit of communists Mao leads his followers on The Long March in 1934
* only 20,000 followers survived out of 100,000
* mao enforced strict discipline --- good behavior of communists wins over many peasants - WORLD WAR II
* nationalists + communists
* forced to cooperate and form a united front against the Japanese to fight the Japanese
* annoying dude- Jiang Jieshi still thinks communists are his greatest threat - not the Japanese
* December, 1937
* Japanese enter Nanjing
* Jiang Jieshi had previously fled the previous capital to go to another place he made capital
* city surrendered
* Japanese murdered hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians
* after allied victory in WWII, US supported Jiang
* tried to prevent a renewed civil war in China
* and no communism
* JIANG = NO NICE
* Alliance between Nationalists + Communists ended after the war
from 1911-1949
-==no authoritarian rule==
==-economic decline==
==-violence over power and being a ruler==
==-people = no safe==
- CHINESE CIVIL WAR
* Jiang Jieshi = corrupt
* high taxes on peasants
* raided peasants stocks and food supplies
* wasn’t nice to them
* nationalists lost support
* Mao appeals to peasants
* gained support for the Communist party and communist soldiers
* (the “mass line”)
* we have so many more people that really we can be more powerful
* Women fought for the communists
* after Mao made efforts to “equalize them with men”
* Mao supported them and said that “women hold up half the sky”
* China becomes the People’s Republic of China (on some date____)
* Mao did that to turn the country over to the people, but Mao would still be the leader and the Communist Party would still make up the government
* still a dictatorship
* mainly by communist party but mainly by mao - REFORMS
* Mao unified China under a single party state
* CCP ran the gov
* heavy use of propaganda
* misleading/biased information
* Mao undertook land reform
* land taken from landlords and distributed among the peasants
* they would publicly humiliate, beat, and kill the landlords when taking their land
* short lived
* eventually had to move their land into communes
* Women were granted “equality”
* able to work men’s jobs
* they were expected to actually
* arranged marriages + foot binding = outlawed
* women still had to take care of their kids, cook, and clean when they got home from work
* but they did have state-run child cares for women to take their children to when they went to work - MAO’S DOMESTIC POLICIES
* The Great Leap Forward
* (a hot ass mess)
* 1958 program to increase the production of farm goods and make agriculture more efficient, as well as smoothly industrialize China
* communes were organized
* with schools, dining halls, factories
* for grain production
* and backyard furnaces produced steel
* furnaces were supposed to run 24/7
* there wasn’t a whole stash of iron or ore to melt down so they just used whatever they saw to melt down and produce steel
* fed the fire using furniture
* Every commune had to meet a certain quota
* They kind of all competed against each other
* to report more + more production
* they didn’t actually generally HAVE more and more production
* they reported more than they were actually producing
* gov sold the goods overseas
* gov took the quota numbers
* which left not enough to feed the members of the commune
* they lied and then they died
* led to tens of millions of people starving to death
* The Cultural Revolution
* 1962 = mao’s campaign to weed out his opponents from the party and country
* wanted to show his strength and power
* didn’t like people in communist party that tried to push him out
* “anointed” students that did not experience the communist revolution to become the Red Guards
* they wore this arm things
* got a copy of Mao’s little red book
* mao’s quotes
* Red Guards were sent to get rid of the 4 olds
* old ideas
* old habits
* old customs
* old culture
* Was a super violent era because the Red Guards basically went after anyone that was smart or in any position of power then or prior to that
* beat them, humiliated them, tortured them, killed some
* Mao reassigned the entire generation to work in the country as peasant farmers when the whole situation went out of control - REFORM AFTER MAO
* mao died = 1976
* Deng Xiaoping rose to power
* Deng Xiaoping
* still took a normal amount of goods from people but let them sell the rest on the free market
* opened china up to some foreign investment and free enterprise
* wasn’t up for political reform but was up for economic reform
* His 4 modernizations
* agriculture
* industry
* society?
* economy? - TIANANMEN SQUARE MASSACRE
* people started looking towards democracy and wanted more political freedoms
* after there was more trade/communications with the west
* and stronger economy
* May 1989
* pro democracy protest
* met with troops and tanks sent by the gov
* killed tens of thousands of people
* arrested others and beat them - CHALLENGES
* population growth
* boom in pop
* led to one-child policy
* led to abandonment of baby gals and female infanticide
* baby boys were prized higher than baby girls
* now there’s a pop imbalance in China
* more men than women
* Economic Issues
* widening gap between rich + poor
* international trade
* a lot of people to support in China after the population boom
* Human Rights
* not allowing free speech or dissent
* prison labor/cheap labor
* other countries were worried about it
* \