How has China been impacted by it's authoritative rule?

==AUTHORITATIVE:==

==^ can mean a lot of lack of individual rights==

==^also means that you can have some pretty great achievements (at what cost though?)==

==HOW DO THE DYNASTIES PROVIDE AN EXAMPLE OF AUTHORITARIAN RULE IN CHINA?==

==military conquering territory & create dynasty==
==rulers seek absolute power & immortality==
==Qin emperor burned books & killed scholars to avoid dissent==
==Sui emperor forced conversion to Buddhism==
==human sacrifice==
- ==construction projects (great wall of china)==
- ==religious==

==WHAT WERE THE PROS & CONS OF THAT RULING SYSTEM?==

^^PROS^^
- ^^effective/efficient court^^
- ^^growth of Chinese territory^^
- ^^technological innovations/inventions^^
- ^^(and just inventions/innovations in general)^^
- ^^massive building projects/art projects^^
- ^^terra-cotta soldiers^^
- ^^great wall of china^^
- ^^growth/trade^^
- ^^peace and stability^^
==CONS==
- ==suppression of free speech==
- ==corruption==
- ==no human rights==
- ==cruelty==
- ==1 person = not equipped to understand whole nation==
- ==all power to elite==
- ==emperor over common good==
- ==social divisions==
CONFUCIANISM
- 551 BCE
- teacher
- reputation for wisdom
- teachings were written down after his death
- in a book called Analects
- he never wrote anything down when he was alive
- concerned with social order + good government
- suggestions for how people should behave
- suggestions for how dynasties should be run
- there are still strong elements of confucianism in chinese culture
- The 5 Relationships
- rules as to how one should behave in each relationship
- Men are “more important” than women
  - different roles in society
  - ==subordinates owe obedience to your superior==
  - superior owe respect and care for subordinates
  - Father to son
  - Elder brother to younger brother
  - husband to wife
  - ruler to subject
  - friend to friend
- This system models the greater good around oneself
  - the individual is less important than the society as a whole
- Filial Piety
  - everyone has duties to follow through on and responsibilities
  - correct order leads to stability
LEGALISM
- more strict than confucianism
- “The nature of man is evil.”
- order is gained through imposing strict laws to have extreme control over people
- harsh punishments
- if someone is caught stealing, you chop off their hand
- strength is what makes a ruler great
- the best quality of a ruler
- Thomas Hann reflected Legalism the best
- “left to their own devices, people will do bad things”
Taoism (Daoism)
- The Way of Virtue
- placed nature above society
- rejects conflict
- embraces yielding
- “water is a very powerful force and it yields under pressure, so humans should as well”
- seeks harmony with nature
- views governments as unnatural
- believes there’s good within the bad and bad within the good
- it’s all about being balanced
- eventually evolved into a religion
- with gods - goddesses - magical practice

==HOW DO THE THREE CHINESE PHILOSOPHIES REFLECT THE IDEA OF AUTHORITARIAN RULE?==

==-daoism doesn’t reflect authoritarian rule because it’s not about society it’s about your==

==-confucianism contains different relationships and has strict duties, keeps society ordered and loyal to the emperor==

==-legalism is all about the government and obedience to the emperor and their laws. it’s about strict order and harsh punishments as a result of disobeying laws==

==THE EMPEROR MAKES THE DECISION AND WHATEVER THAT DECISION IS MUST BE FOLLOWED==

==-Emperor Zhu Di made the decision to end the voyages which closed off china==

HISTORY OF DRAGON BOAT FESTIVAL

commemorates the death of Qu Huan
- ==poet + officer of state of Chu during the warring states period (Zhou dynasty)==
- ==opposed kings decision to ally with state of Qin==
- ==exiled for treason==
- wrote many poems during his exile
28 years after his exile, the state of Qin captured capital of state of Chu

CHINA AND THE NEW IMPERIALISM

foreigners originally were only allowed a small portion in the south of china to conduct trade with China
China had enjoyed a positive balance of trade with the west
- they were exporting more than they were importing
- selling more than they were buying
- They exported Silk, Porcelain, and Tea to the west
- They imported gold and silver from the west
By the late 1700s this changed because:
- China entered a period of internal decline
- China has some natural disasters
- corruption in elites of china
- peasants are working the land AND paying the taxes - which the rich don’t do
- also probs bc they had cut themselves off from the rest of the world with their minimized foreign trade section
- at this time Europe was experiencing the Industrial revolution
THE OPIUM WAR
- during late 1700s Britain made large profits by selling Opium to China
- Chinese officials weren’t happy bout that because their people began addiction to opium and were spending all day in an opium den instead of working and making money
- so much money flowed out of money for opium which hurt the Chinese economy
- China then outlawed opium
- executed opium dealers
- they sent a missive to britain saying “STOP SELLING OPIUM TO CHINA”
- britain refuses, they claim they have the right to free trade and sell opium to whomever they like
  - they also say no because theyre making a butload of money
- once the british refused China + Britain fight The Opium War at sea in 1839
- chinese lost real bad bc of the british’s advanced weaponry
- unequal treaties were then put in place
- chinese had to pay for british loses
  - whatever people died
  - whatever ships/equipment was destroyed
- britain takes hong kong from chinese
- china had to open ports to foreign trade powers (against their will)
- over time, other nations forced their way into china like the british
- THEY MAKE unequal treaties for spheres of influence in china
- christian missionaries are also allowed to preach
  - but it’s very frowned upon by confucian followers and officials
  - THE NEW IMPERIALISM
    - “economic imperialism in which foreign powers control foreign ports and certain things in China”
    - japan
    - russia
    - france
==THE TAIPING REBELLION==
- ==qing dynasty = in decline==
- ==poorly maintained infrastructure==
  - ==leads to flooding==
- ==population explosion==
- ==extravagant court==
  - ==spending money on it==
- ==corruption in upper classes==
- ==1850-1864 → The Taiping Rebelli==on
- ==peasant uprising led by Hong Xiuquan to establish a “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”==
- ==called for:==
  - ==an end to Qing dynasty==
  - ==they wanted to get rid of the authoritarian rule==
  - land reform
  - redivide the land
  - give some land to the peasants
  - community property
  - equality of women and men
- ==after 14 years, gov finally crushed the rebellion==
- ==rebellion showed weakness of Qing government==
EFFORTS AND REFORM AND MODERNIZATION
- em==press Ci Xi surrounded by Confucian officials that wanted to maintain traditional ways==
- ==saw no need to reform (the confucian officials/scholars)==
- ==western ideas + technologies = dangerous to confucian ways==
- self-strengthening movement
- not supported by the gov
- imported western tech
  - set-up factories for modern weapons
  - developed shipyards
  - railroads
  - light industry
  - translated works on science, gov + economy
- LOSs IN SINO-JAPANESE WAR
- showed how Japan had modernized while China was far behind
  - japan was in a superior position to china
  - after that japan gets claim to part of china’s territory (taiwan)
- Open Door in China as Britain - France - Germany - Russia - US claim spheres of influence
  - china’s not consulted by that
  - US didn’t actually have a sphere they just wanted an open door to trade
- ==100 DAYS OF REFORM==
- ==Emperor Gaung Xu wanted to reform china==
  - modernize civil service, gov, industry, schools, + military through new laws
- ==failed because of conservative scholars==
- ==they brouth back Ci Xi and railed + imprisoned Gaung Xu==

==China was so far behind that they became susceptible to imperialism and foreign powers beating china down and taking some control over their land==

THE BOXER REBELLION
- anti foreign feelings in China - presence of missionaries + foreign troops
- 1889/1899 (I DON’T KNOW WHICH)
- secret society “Righteous Harmonious Fists” - dubbed “Boxers” by British - goal to drive out the “Foreign Devils” - attacked foreigners across China
- a response made up of multiple western forces + japan crushed the rebellion
- China then recognized need for reform/modernization
- lets girls go to school
- stressed science + math
- expanded industrialization
- Chinese business class emerged
- spread Chinese nationalism
- introduction of constitutional monarchy
THREE PRINCIPLES OF THE PEOPLE
- Sun Yixian organized revolution for reform - used 3 principles
==a chinese republic was then formed with the president of Sun Yixian==
- ==wasn’t a super strong president==
- ==he wanted democracy, equality, a strong economy==
- ==couldn’t deliver==
==handed over the republic to General Yuan Shikai in 1912==
- ==was a strong leader==
- ==wasn’t interested in democracy or three principles of the people==
- ==TRIED TO MAKE HIMSELF EMPEROR==
died in 1916
- ==warlords rise and take control of provinces==
- ==constant fighting/warfare==
- ==economy crashes to the ground==
- ==no ones investing in it==
- ==peasants suffered a lot and there was a whole lot of starvation as a result of economy failing==
==all of the weaknesses above let foreigners gain more control in China==
- ==Japan takes over the territorial holdings in china that were previously Germany’s in the Treaty of Versailles==
- ==which ended in WWII==
REBELLION + RESISTANCE
- MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT
- student protest of Japanese control on May 4, 1919
  - leads to a movement that fights certain cultural traditions and ideas
  - women become a large force in the movement that want equal rights, improved status, no more footbinding or arranged marriages
- the goal was to strengthen China by learning from west to end foreign dominance
- rejected confucian ideas in favor of western ideas
NEW POLITICAL DIVIDE IN CHINA
- NATIONALISM
- The Nationalist Party
  - (army =Guomindang)
- led by Sun Yixian
  - raised an army to fight the warlords
- located in south
- eventually Sun Yixian dies
  - Jiang Jieshi becomes new leader
  - marches north battling warlords (with Guomindang)
  - wanted power
  - was more threatened by communists than warlords
    - during his expedition to north of china while eliminating warlords he pauses to take a hit at the communist party
    - killed communists and supporters of the party (with Guomindang)
- COMMUNISM
- relies on industries and industrial things
- peasants adapt communism to their ways of life
  - peasants vs landlords
- some chinese turned to Marxist ideas
  - boujawasee vs something else (rich on the left poor on the right)
  - after seeing the success of the Russian Revolution
- MAO ZEDONG
  - young leader with peasant roots
- appeals to peasants by offering land, schooling, and health care
- due to Jiang’s pursuit of communists Mao leads his followers on The Long March in 1934
  - only 20,000 followers survived out of 100,000
- mao enforced strict discipline --- good behavior of communists wins over many peasants
WORLD WAR II
- nationalists + communists
- forced to cooperate and form a united front against the Japanese to fight the Japanese
  - annoying dude- Jiang Jieshi still thinks communists are his greatest threat - not the Japanese
- December, 1937
- Japanese enter Nanjing
  - Jiang Jieshi had previously fled the previous capital to go to another place he made capital
- city surrendered
- Japanese murdered hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians
- after allied victory in WWII, US supported Jiang
- tried to prevent a renewed civil war in China
  - and no communism
- JIANG = NO NICE
- Alliance between Nationalists + Communists ended after the war

from 1911-1949

-==no authoritarian rule==

==-economic decline==

==-violence over power and being a ruler==

==-people = no safe==

CHINESE CIVIL WAR
- Jiang Jieshi = corrupt
- high taxes on peasants
- raided peasants stocks and food supplies
  - wasn’t nice to them
- nationalists lost support
- Mao appeals to peasants
- gained support for the Communist party and communist soldiers
- (the “mass line”)
  - we have so many more people that really we can be more powerful
- Women fought for the communists
- after Mao made efforts to “equalize them with men”
- Mao supported them and said that “women hold up half the sky”
- China becomes the People’s Republic of China (on some date____)
- Mao did that to turn the country over to the people, but Mao would still be the leader and the Communist Party would still make up the government
  - still a dictatorship
  - mainly by communist party but mainly by mao
REFORMS
- Mao unified China under a single party state
- CCP ran the gov
- heavy use of propaganda
- misleading/biased information
- Mao undertook land reform
- land taken from landlords and distributed among the peasants
  - they would publicly humiliate, beat, and kill the landlords when taking their land
  - short lived
  - eventually had to move their land into communes
- Women were granted “equality”
- able to work men’s jobs
  - they were expected to actually
- arranged marriages + foot binding = outlawed
- women still had to take care of their kids, cook, and clean when they got home from work
- but they did have state-run child cares for women to take their children to when they went to work
MAO’S DOMESTIC POLICIES
- The Great Leap Forward
- (a hot ass mess)
- 1958 program to increase the production of farm goods and make agriculture more efficient, as well as smoothly industrialize China
- communes were organized
  - with schools, dining halls, factories
  - for grain production
  - and backyard furnaces produced steel
  - furnaces were supposed to run 24/7
  - there wasn’t a whole stash of iron or ore to melt down so they just used whatever they saw to melt down and produce steel
  - fed the fire using furniture
- Every commune had to meet a certain quota
- They kind of all competed against each other
  - to report more + more production
  - they didn’t actually generally HAVE more and more production
    - they reported more than they were actually producing
- gov sold the goods overseas
  - gov took the quota numbers
  - which left not enough to feed the members of the commune
  - they lied and then they died
  - led to tens of millions of people starving to death
- The Cultural Revolution
- 1962 = mao’s campaign to weed out his opponents from the party and country
  - wanted to show his strength and power
  - didn’t like people in communist party that tried to push him out
- “anointed” students that did not experience the communist revolution to become the Red Guards
  - they wore this arm things
  - got a copy of Mao’s little red book
  - mao’s quotes
- Red Guards were sent to get rid of the 4 olds
  - old ideas
  - old habits
  - old customs
  - old culture
- Was a super violent era because the Red Guards basically went after anyone that was smart or in any position of power then or prior to that
  - beat them, humiliated them, tortured them, killed some
- Mao reassigned the entire generation to work in the country as peasant farmers when the whole situation went out of control
REFORM AFTER MAO
- mao died = 1976
- Deng Xiaoping rose to power
- Deng Xiaoping
- still took a normal amount of goods from people but let them sell the rest on the free market
- opened china up to some foreign investment and free enterprise
- wasn’t up for political reform but was up for economic reform
- His 4 modernizations
  - agriculture
  - industry
  - society?
  - economy?
TIANANMEN SQUARE MASSACRE
- people started looking towards democracy and wanted more political freedoms
- after there was more trade/communications with the west
- and stronger economy
- May 1989
- pro democracy protest
- met with troops and tanks sent by the gov
  - killed tens of thousands of people
  - arrested others and beat them
CHALLENGES
- population growth
- boom in pop
- led to one-child policy
  - led to abandonment of baby gals and female infanticide
  - baby boys were prized higher than baby girls
- now there’s a pop imbalance in China
  - more men than women
- Economic Issues
- widening gap between rich + poor
- international trade
- a lot of people to support in China after the population boom
- Human Rights
- not allowing free speech or dissent
- prison labor/cheap labor
- other countries were worried about it
- \