Respitory sytstem

The functions of the respitory system

-air passageway

-oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

-sound production

-odor detection

Structural versus functional organization

STRUCTURAL

-Upper Respiratory Tract → Larynx and abov

- Lower Respiratory Tract → Trachea and below

FUNCTIONAL

-The conducting zone → transports air → nose to terminal bronchioles

-The respiratory zone→ participates in gas exchange > respiratory bronchioles to alveoli ( respitory = lungs)

Describe the structure of the mucosa that lines the respiratory tract and the structural changes observed along its length

-The mucus of the respiratory tract is specifically called the respiratory mucosa. It is composed of epithelium resting upon the basement membrane and an underlying lamin proprietor composed of areolar connnective tissue. The epithelium is ciliated in most portion of the conducting zone of the respiratory tract.

• a general structural changes observed along is a observed in the epithelium along the length of the respitory tract. It becomes progressively thinner from nasal cavity to alveoli. It changes from pseifostratifed dilated columnar to simple ciliated columnar to simple cuboidal to simple squamous. Pseidstratifed cilated columnar→ simple squamous.

Function of mucus produced by mucosa

-Mucous is produced by a combination of goblet cells and underlying laminate Peoria that houses both mucous and serous glands . Mucous secretions contain MUCIN a protein that increases the viscosity of mucus to and effectively trap as inhaled dust, microorganisms and dirt particles. The secretion also contain specific substances to defend the body against certain infectious agents. Both mucus and saliva entrap materials which can be caughed up together as a viscous substance SPUTUM

What is the difference between the Conducting and Respitory Zone

-Conducting is the transportation from nose to terminal bronchioles

-Respiratory zone participates in gas exchange

bronchioles to alveoli

Is the trachea in the upper or lower respitory tract

• Lower

Describe the structure and function of the nose

-the nose is the first structure of the conducting passageway

• it is formed by bone, hylaine cartilage and dense irregular connective tissue covered with skin externally

• Bringe of nose formed by paired nasal bones

• Flared part of nostril( nares) made of dense irregulars connective tissue

Nasal cavity

• an oblong shape that extends from the nostrils to paired openings called CHOANAE ( posterior nasal apertures)

• . Floor formed by palate

• Roof made of nasal, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones plus some cartilage

  -The nasal septum divides the left and ride side

• Anterior part is septal nasal cartilage

• Posterior part is bony perpendicular plate of ethmoid plate and Vomer bone

Describe the structure and function of the four paired paransal sinuses

-from superior to inferior direction

→ frontal, ethmoidal, and maxillary sinuses, sphenoidal sinuses and are located posterior to the ethmoidal sinuses

-ducts connect al parasnasl sinuses to the nasal cavity. Both the paranasnasl sinuses and their ducts are lined by psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that is continuous with the epithelia of the nasal cavity.

Function- the mucus with its trapped particulate matter , is swept by cilia from each paransal sinus through their ducts into the nasal amity and the into the pharynx where it is swallowed

Compare the three regions of the pharynx are describe their associated structures

-Nasopharnyx is the superior most region of the pharnyx. Posterior to nasal cavity superior to soft palate

Function; respitory only not fro food or drink because of the soft palates elevation

Associated with Eustachian tubes- that connects with middle ear → opening allows region to equalize pressure on each side of the tempeh membrane

• contains the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) → infection fighting lymphatic tissue (posterior nasopharynx wall)

-Oropharnyx- middle pharyngeal region

Location ;posterior to oral cavity → extending from soft palate to hyoid bone

Function; Passageway for both food and air

-Associated with palatine tonsils on the alters walls

-lingual tonsils at base of tongue

→Laryngopharnyx → inferior narrow region of pharnyx

Location; posterior to the larynx

-from level of hyoid down to esophagus

-passageway for both food and air

What are vibrissae

• Hair n nasal cavity → trap microbes with the nasal cavity

Between which conchae is the middle nasal meatus located

-located between the middle and inferior nasal conchae

What part of the pharynx are the pharyngeal tonsils located

• posterior nasopharynx wall

General structure and function of larynx

-Functions as the throat

-Funnel shaped passageway posterior to nasal cavity, oral cavity and larynx

-lateral walls composed of skeletal muscles

-divided into 3 portions NOL

Describe how the larynx functions as voice production

-Mucosa- covered ligaments withom the larynx called vocal folds, vibrate as air is passed over them during expiration. Producing sound

Describe the structure of the trachea (windpipe)

-flexible slightly rigid tubular organ

• goes from larynx go main bronchi

• Anterior to esphagous, posterior to part of the sternum

  17. Tracheal cartilage support anterior and lateral walls 18-20 C shaped rings of byline cartilages→ ensures trachea is always open

  -Carina- internal ridge at inferior end of trachea (where it splits) contains many sensory receptors

  -initiates cough reflex when irritants are presents

• Tracheal-is muscle and ligamentous membrane o trachea posterior surface

  • connects open ends of C shaped cartilages allowing accommodation for esophagus when bulge food passes

  • Tracheal-is contracts during coughing

    -Tracheotomy- incision in trachea to facilitate breathing this is done when airway is blocked or compromised

    18. Describe the structural devisions of the bronchial tree

        -Trachea splits into Right and left main Bronchi→ primary bronchi

        -each bronchus enters a lung on its medial surface

        -right bronchus shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented→ foreign particles more likely to lodge here

        -each main bronchus branches into Lobar bronchi ( secondary bronchi)

        -each extends into a lobe of the lung, smaller in diameter than main bronchi

        -Further dividing into segmental bronchi (tertiary bronchi)

        → tree continues to divide into smaller passageways

        -tubes of 1<mm bronchioles

        -leads to terminal bronchioles (last part of conducting zone)

    19. Explain the processes of bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation

        -Bronchoconstriction= muscle constriction narrows bronchioles diameter

        →less air through bronchial tres (less entry for potential harmful substance)

        - Bronchodilation= muscle relaxation increases bronchioles diameter

        → more air through bronchial tree

        21. List 3 typer of cells found in. Alveoli and describe the function of each