AP World History Notes
Unit 1 The Global Tapestry 1200-1450
Neo-Confucianism (used in Song): Sought to rid Confucian thought of the influence of Buddhism.
Confucianism (not used in Song): A philosophy that taught human society is hierarchical by nature; there is a prescribed order to everything.
Filial Piety: Emphasized the necessity and virtue of children obeying and honoring their parents, grandparents, and deceased ancestors.
State: A territory that is politically organized under a single government.
Bureaucracy: A government entity arranged hierarchically that carries out the will of the emperor.
Buddhism: A religion which started in India and spread to China, based on the Four Noble Truths: life is suffering, we suffer because we crave, we cease suffering when we cease craving, and the eightfold path leads to the cessation of suffering and craving.
Dar-Al-Islam: Translated to "House of Islam."
Sharia Law: Legal code based on the Quran.
Nasir Al Din Al Tusi: A mathematician who made significant inventions and invented trigonometry.
Polytheistic: The act of worshiping many gods.
Bhakti Movement: Innovation on traditional polytheistic Hinduism.
Mit’a System (Used by Inca): Required all people under their rule to provide labor on state projects like large state farms, mining, military service, state construction projects, etc.
Feudalism: A system of allegiances between powerful lords, monarchs, and knights. Vassals received land from their lords in exchange for military service.
Manor: A piece of land owned by a lord which was then rented out to peasants who worked the land.
Manorialism: Peasants were bound to the land and worked it in exchange for protection from the lord and his military forces.
Serfs: Working peasants.
How did the Song Dynasty maintain and justify its rule? Power in Song China came from Confucianism/Neo-Confucianism and the Imperial Bureaucracy.
Women in Song China were relegated to subordinate positions, stripped of legal rights, and endured social restrictions, including limited education and foot binding.
Men had to take the Civil Service Exam to ensure they followed the bureaucracy, and bureaucratic jobs were earned on merit.
The Civil Service Exam was open to men of all socioeconomic statuses, but required enough wealth to devote oneself to study.
During the Song Dynasty's rule, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam were rising in prominence and each were influenced by Chinese culture.
Korea: Used similar civil service examinations and adopted Buddhism.
Similarities between Buddhism and Hinduism:
Belief in a cycle of birth, death, and reincarnation.
Ultimate goal to dissolve into the oneness of the universe.
Belief in Nirvana.
Branches of Buddhism:
Theravada Buddhism (Sri Lanka): Confined practice of Buddhism to monks and monasteries.
Mahayana Buddhism (East Asian): Encouraged broader participation in Buddhism.
Song rulers inherited growth from Tang and Song Sui Dynasties: Population doubled between 8th and 10th centuries.
Commercialization of Economy: Manufacturers and artisans began to produce more goods than they consumed, selling excess goods in markets in China and across Eurasia. The most important goods they traded were porcelain and silk.
Agricultural Innovation: Champa Rice matured early, resisted drought, and could be harvested multiple times of the year.
Transportation Innovations: Expansion of the Grand Canal facilitated trade and communication in China.
Monotheistic Religions:
Judaism: Ethnic religion of the Jews.
Christianity: Established by Jewish Prophet Jesus Christ.
Islam: Believed in Allah as God and Muhammad (PBUH) as the last messenger of Allah.
Believers used religious principles to shape their societies.
The Abbasid Empire: Ethnically Arab empire.
Muslim empires were still around, but the dominant empires were led by ethnic Turks, not Arabs.
During the period 1200-1450, the dominance of Arab Muslim empires was fading while Turkic Muslim empires rose up to replace them.
Turkic Empires: Continuity
Military administered their states.
Established Sharia law.
House of Wisdom in Baghdad was the Golden Age of Islam.
During these periods, Dar Al Islam and Song China represented the center of the worlds scholarship and wealth
Expansion of Muslim Rule: Military expansion, Muslim Merchants, Muslim Missionaries
South and Southeast Asia
Had 3 belief systems: Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism and they profoundly shaped this area of the world
Bhakti Movement emphasized the devotion to just one of the Hindu gods.
The movement mounted challenges to social and gender hierarchies.
Rajput Kingdoms: rivals and wars against Islam (wanted to continue being Hindu)
State Buildings in the Americas
By 1200, major population lived in 2 parts of americas: Mesoamerica and the Andean civilizations
Mesoamerica: Had Aztec Empire, founded in 1345, and it was ginormous.
Aztec Administration:
They created an elaborate system of tribute states: The people that they conquered were required to provide labor and regular contributions of goods like food, animals, building materials, and more.
Enslaved people played a large role in their religion: many became candidates for human sacrifice
Similarities between the Inca and Aztec Empires
Inca’s had an elaborate bureaucracy and also rigid hierarchy of officials spread throughout empire
Aztecs relied on tributary relationships
Aztecs were mostly decentralized in how they ruled
Inca’s were highly centralized in how they ruled
Mississippian power structure:
In terms of state building amongst the Mississippians, large towns dominated smaller, satellite settlements politically
State buildings in Africa
Swahili Civilization was politically independent with common social hierarchy, put merchant elite above commoners
They were also deeply influenced by Muslim traders (a new language, Swahili, emerged, descended from indigenous African Bantu languages, but used Arabic alphabet and script).
As a result of Muslim influence, the Swahili states rapidly became Islamic which only increased their integration into the larger Islamic world of trade
It was mostly the elite members and government officials in these empires in Africa that converted to Islam while the majority of the population held onto their indigenous beliefs/ traditions
Rulers and people in Zimbabwe never converted to Islam but rather maintained their indigenous religion.
Ethiopia was Christian unlike other African states
Developments in Europe:
Believed in two types of Christianity
Eastern Orthodox (Used by Byzantine Empire):
Roman Catholicism: linked many states together in the West
During this period, decentralization and political fragmentation was the political flavor in Europe
Feudalism and Manorialism was very popular in Europe.
Unit 2 Networks of Exchange 1200-1450
Networks of Exchange: merchants carrying goods for sale across a series of routes, and also brought religion, language, and technology
Caravanserai: brought merchants from all diff cultures and backgrounds together and they created the occasion for significant transfers, cultural and technological
Magnetic Compass: helped merchants know which direction to sail in
Astrolabe: tool for measuring the stars and comparing them to star charts which helped reckon latitude and longitude.
Diasporic Community: a settlement of ethnic people in a location other than their homeland (Arab and Persian communities established in East Africa
Money economies: Uses paper money to facilitate exchange, unlike a barter economy which uses goods as currency (first developed in China).
Major trade routes:
Silk Roads
Indian ocean Network
Trans- Saharan Trade
They all had a geographical range from periods 1200-1450
During this time each of these networks increased in geographic scale and that led to further connection amongst states
Range of these networks expanded due to innovations in commercial practices and technological innovations
Increased connectivity between all these places caused various states to grow wealthy and powerful due to their participation in these networks
Increased interconnectivity caused the rise of powerful trading cities, also causing collapse of other cities.
The Silk Roads:
Luxury goods trading network that stretched across Eurasia (Chinese silk and porcelain)
The increased demand caused an increase in production of these goods by Chinese, Indian, and Persian artisans.
Innovations facilitated the expansion of these networks: Transportation Technologies such as the Caravanserai
Innovations of Commercial practices (money economies)
Money economies: Uses paper money to facilitate exchange, unlike a barter economy which uses goods as currency (first developed in China).
Credit was another commercial practices example
These commercial practices made getting money much easier, increasing trade along Silk Roads
Increase in trade led to the rise of powerful trading cities that grew and flourished because they were located along these routes (Kashgar is an example: lush valley, very attractive spot for merchants)
Indian Ocean Networks:
A thorough understanding of monsoon winds made trade along this network easier
A large amount of what was traded along these routes included more common goods like textiles and spices
This is because a ship could hold more goods than camels
Technological Innovations:
Magnetic Compass: helped merchants know which direction to sail in
Astrolabe: tool for measuring the stars and comparing them to star charts which helped reckon latitude and longitude.
New ship designs: Chinese Junk
Various forms of credit
Effects of Expansion led to growth of states: Swahili city states (collection of independent city-states along Africa’s east coast)
The Swahili city states acted as brokers for goods originating from the African interior (Gold, ivory, enslaved people)
Diasporic Community: a settlement of ethnic people in a location other than their homeland (Arab and Persian communities established in East Africa
Because of this, a new language emerged, called the Swahili Language
Trans Saharan Trading Network:
Camel saddle ( developed for transporting bigger goods across desert)
Participation in this network led to the increasing wealth and power of various states
Mansa Musa monopolized trade
Cultural Effects:
Transfer of religion or belief systems: carried by China to silk roads was buddhism
Literary and Artistic Transfer:
House of wisdom: made extensive commentaries on works
Scientific and technological Innovations: gunpowder (created in china, spread to islamic and european states)
Rise and fall of cities:
Rise: Hangzhou in China, increasingly wealthy and urbanized.
Fall of cities: Baghdad, destroyed by Mongols
Travellers wrote about their experiences; Ibn Battuta: travelled all over Dar- al- Islam over the course of 30 years
Took notes about places, people, rulers, and cultures
Environmental Effects
Transfer of crops: champa rice, produced lots of food
Transfer of disease: bubonic plague
Mongol Empire: established largest land based empire of all time
Networks of exchange increased by a lot
The silk roads flourished the most when large empires controlled the routes because they could provide safety and continuity along them
Mongol empire encouraged international trade and extracted great wealth as the facilitators of commerce on the Silk Roads
The Mongols facilitated an unprecedented increase in communication and cooperation across their empires
Facilitated technological and cultural transfers:
Technological: created conditions for transfer of Greek and Islamic medical knowledge to Western Europe
Cultural: adopted the uyghur script
Unit 3 Land-Based Empires 1450-1750
Land Based empire: An empire whose power comes from the extent of its territorial holdings
Ottoman Empire: got to control different countries and become popular due to gunpowder weapons
Janissaries: a member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard
Legitimized: the methods a ruler uses to establish their authority
Consolidated: the methods a ruler uses to transfer power from other groups to themselves
Bureaucracy: the thousands of government officials that ensure laws are kept throughout the empire
simony : people buying their way into positions of power in church
Sale of indulgences: people paying money to get their sins forgiven
In time period 1450-1750, land based empires were expanding
Constantinople renamed Istanbul
Safavid Empire: Under leadership of Shah Ismail, conquered near empires quickly due to gunpowder weapons
Both Safavid and Ottoman empires had humble beginnings, rapid expansion with gunpowder, and elite enslaved military forces, and were both muslim
Biggest difference was that Ottomans were Sunni Muslims, while Safavids were Shia Muslims
Sunnis believed that the rightful successor of Muhammad (PBUH) could be anyone spiritually fit for the office
Shia believe that only blood relatives of Muhammad were his legitimate successors
Each branch believed they were following the true path while the other was not
Mughal Empire: Babur rose to leadership, expanded rapidly using gunpowder weapons, were muslim,
Akbar, Babur's grandson, was open to any religion, making it more appealing to people
Qing Dynasty: Ethnically Han (Chinese): led conquests of expansion using gunpowder weapons.
Empires Compared
All empires were land based
They expanded rapidly
Used gunpowder to expand
Qing and Mughal, as were Safavids and Ottomans were ethnically different from subjects
Rivalries between Empires:
Safavid- Mughal Conflict
Fought over territory, while Mughals were busy, Safavids attempted to steal some of its land, causing a series of clashes between both empires
Conflict was more bitter due to their difference in Islam
The administration of empires (how rulers legitimize and consolidate their power)
4 major ways administrative methods:
Formation of large bureaucracies
Devshirme System (example of bureaucracy): ottomans used this system to staff their bureaucracy with highly trained individuals (top performers were appointed to elite positions in Ottoman Bureaucracy)
2nd way: development of military professionals (janissaries in Ottoman empire)
3rd way: religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture:
Religious ideas example: divine right of kings: idea that monarchs were god's representatives on earth
Ex of military professionals: Emperor Kangxi in China hung posters of himself around different cities to assert his dominance
Monumental architecture: sun temple in US, gold statues, magnificent buildings used to consolidate power
Palace of versailles helped show people how their big buildings showed who was in charge
4th way: innovations on tax collection systems
Examples:
Zamindar system (employed by mughal empire): elite landowners who were granted authority to tax peasants living on their land on behalf of imperial government
Tax farming (used by ottomans): the right to tax subjects of the empire was awarded to highest bidder
Tribute lists (used by aztecs):
Belief systems of these empires:
Church corruption:
simony : people buying their way into positions of power in church
Sale of indulgences: people paying money to get their sins forgiven
95 theses (created by martin luther)
Christianity
Change: protestant reformation: catholics cleaned up a lot of corruption protestants were complaining about at council of trent
Continuity: dominance of catholicism: reaffirmed that their doctrine of salvation was just fine
Islam
Shah Ismail declared that the safavid empire would adhere to shia islam; put them at odds with other sunni muslim empires in the area and aggravated and intensified the split between these two branches
Sikhism:
a syncretic blend of both Hindu and islamic doctrines
Sikhisms continuity: retained several important doctrines: belief in one Gods, cycle of reincarnation and death
Change: disregarded gender hierarchies of islam, disregarded the caste system of hinduism
Unit 4 Transoceanic Interconnections 1450-1750
Causes of european exploration:
Growth of state power
Economic
Adoption and Innovation of Maritime technologies: technologies came from the classical greek, islamic, and asian worlds (Magnetic Compass: China, Astrolabe: ancient greece and arab world, Lateen sail: arab world)
Europeans made their own innovations in shipbuilding: caravel: smaller than normal boats. Able to move very fast and carry lots of goods
Improved understanding of regional wind patterns in atlantic and indian oceans
Monarchy: European Monarchs were growing far more powerful, playing a much more significant role in the economic decisions of their state
One of the most significant changes: Since the routes they used to get goods such as spices added taxes and increased the bill, European states had a big incentive to find other routes, especially sea based routes, to Asia which would allow them to trade on their own terms.
Mercantilism: A state driven economic system that characterized imperial European states during this period
Mercantilists believed in the Favorable Balance of Trade: when states organize their economies around exports and avoid imports as much as possible
A second economic way was a Joint Stock Company: A limited liability business, often chartered by the state, that was funded by a group of private investors
Limited Liability Business: Investors who pooled their money to finance the exploration could only lose what they invested.
States relied on merchants to expand their influence is far off lands while merchants relied on states to grant them monopolies on various regions of trade
Example of Joint stock company: Dutch East India Company: Dutch positively dominated India’s sea routes, which increased Dutch influence in India
Both British and French developed their own Joint Stock Companies which led to rivalries between different European states
Establishing Maritime Empires:
First European state to get power was Portugal due to Prince Henry the Navigator who brought back ship makers, and mapmakers
Portugal set up small factories all over empires
The Spanish Crown decided to make Christopher Columbus to travel along the Atlantic in search of a Western route to spice trade (Found land instead)
After Queen Elizabeth I rose to power, she took advantage of Spain’s weakness and started sponsoring explorations into the Americas
Around this time the Dutch gained independence from Spain and they became the most prosperous state in Europe
The Columbian Exchange: the transfer of new diseases, food, plants, and animals between the Eastern and Western hemispheres
Disease: Europeans introduced smallpox and measles into the Americas. Malaria was carried by disease vectors like mosquitos
Food and Plants: greatly affected populations both in the New world and the Old World
These new foods and plants introduced contributed to healthier populations and led to longer lifespans
Cash croppings: A method of agriculture that focuses on growing crops, usually a single crop, primarily for export
Animals: Europeans introduced pigs, sheep, and cattle to the Americas (by far the most consequential animal was the horse)
Resistance to Imperial Expansion:
Resistance from some Asian states against the intrusion of western powers in the Indian Ocean
Resistance on the local level in European states themselves (The Fronde in France: new edicts increasing taxation).
Resistance from the enslaved: The Maroon Societies: free black people who most likely escaped enslavement
Effect: Expansion of African States:
The expansion of maritime trading networks also fostered the growth of some African states who participated in them, thus connecting these states to global economic linkages these networks represented, even if the networks were becoming increasingly European centered
Asante Empire (West Africa): able to provide highly desired goods that Europeans traders were after such as gold, ivory, and enslaved people
This partnership made the Asante People very rich
This wealth helped the Asante expand their military and consolidate political power over more regions
Kingdom of the Kongo: made strong ties with the Portuguese and provided them with gold, copper and enslaved people
The king of the kongo converted to Christianity in order to trade with other Christian states
European entrance into the trade network increased profits not only for Europeans but also for many merchants who always used the networks for trade
Change and Continuity in Networks of Exchange:
Indian Ocean Network Change: Entrance and massive power grabs of European states into this network
Indian Ocean Network Continuity: Middle Eastern, South Asian, East Asian, and South East Asian Merchants continued to use Indian Ocean Network.
Additionally, long established merchants like the Gujaratis continued to make use of ION.
Despite growing European dominance of the sea, overland routes like the Silk Roads were almost entirely controlled by various Asian Land Based powers (Ming China, Qing, and Ottoman Empire)
Peasant and artisan labor continued in many regions as demand for food and consumer goods increased as a result of multiplying trade connections
Atlantic System Change: Opening of the Atlantic system (in terms of goods, Sugar was most popular)
In terms of wealth, silver was most used
Effects of Silver: silver was used to purchase luxury goods from China, which both satisfied the Chinese demand for silver and further developed the commercialization of China’s economy
Coerced labor: Forced Indigenous Labor, Indentured servitude, african slavery
The massive changes that occurred in the opening of the Atlantic system was maintained by the global flow of silver and trade monopolies granted by states to joint stock companies
Changes in Labor Systems: used old and new systems
Example of old system THE MIT’A SYSTEM: Developed and deployed by the Inca Empire, required their subjects to provide labor on state projects for a certain number of days per year
New Labor Systems:
Indentured Servitude: Laborer would sign contract that bound them to a particular work for a period of time
At the end of the contract the laborer could go free
Encomienda System: used by the Spanish to divide indigenous Americans among Spanish settlers
Americans forced to provide labor for Spanish in exchange for food and protection
Had nothing to do with land ownership and everything to do with controlling the indigenous population
Hacienda system: Indigenous laborers forced to work fields of large plantations known as “haciendas”
Amounted to situation not much different than slavery
Hacienda centered on land ownership as the main vehicle for controlling the indigenous population
Chattel Slavery; slavery in which purchaser has total ownership over enslaved person
It was race based and hereditary
Effects of Chattel Slavery:
Europeans Purchased male slaves 2:1 (main economic engine of imperial empires in the Americas was difficult agricultural work and mining. This significantly impacted the demographics of various African states
The size of Trans-Atlantic slave trade> Indian Ocean and mediterranean Counterparts
Racial Component of Atlantic Slave System: In the Americas, slavery became identified with blackness, which provided the justification for the brutality of slavery
Social effects of African Slave Trade:
Significant Gender Imbalance: especially in West African states
Changing Family Structures: rise of Polygyny: the phenomenon of men marrying more than one woman
Cultural Synthesis: growing emergence of creole languages in the Caribbean and Brazil
Effects: Changing Belief Systems:
In some cases, indigenous groups outwardly adopted Christianity, but privately continued to practice their own religious beliefs
The effect of all this was a religious syncretism that resulted in a blending of some Chritian beliefs and practices with Indigenous beliefs and practices
Effects: Changing Social Hierarchies:
Ethnic and Religious Diversity
Rise of New political Elites: Spanish imposed a new social hierarchy known as the casta system on their colonial holdings in the Americas
Prior to the imposing of the casta system, native peoples were part of a wide variety of linguistic and cultural groups
The casta system erased much of that cultural complexity and ordered their society by the standards of small minority of Spanish elite
Transition from the Ming to the Qing Dynasty in China
Unit 5 Revolutions 1750-1900
The Enlightenment: intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding, such as rationalist and empiricist approaches, to both the natural world and human relationships
The Individual: the most basic unit of society, not a collective group
Natural Rights: Human beings are born with certain rights: life, liberty, property
Social Contract: governments are created by the people in order to protect their natural rights
Popular Sovereignty: the power is govern in the hands of the people
Democracy: a system in which all people had the right to vote and direct the operations of their government
Liberalism: a political and economic ideology that emphasizes: protection of civil rights, necessity of a representative government, protection of private property, and emphasis on the markets as the basis for trade
Nationalism: a sense of commonality among a people based on shared language religion, social customs, and often linked with desire for territory
Just as the methods and discoveries of the Scientific Revolution challenged the role of religion in public life, so too did the Enlightenment
Enlightenment thinkers rejected external authority and taught that real authority comes from inside a person, not outside
Enlightenment Ideas Effects of Enlightenment:
Expansion of Suffrage (right to vote): for example after the american revolution, only landed white males could vote, but law passed after 2nd half of 19th century, let all white males vote
Women’s Suffrage: during this period a burgeoning feminist movement arises and women begin to demand equality in all areas of life (Olympe De Gouges made declaration of rights of woman and female citizen)
Abolition of Slavery
Abolition of Serfdom
Causes of Revolutions:
As nationalism takes hold, people who share cultural traits and ethnicities want to rule themselves
Discontent with Monarchists and Imperial Rule:
American Revolution:
Americas assisted by the French
Americans won and created the United States of America (set up as republic)
Had the Declaration of Independence
French Revolution
Made the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Haitian Revolution:
Wanted freedom, so Toussaint L'ouverture led revolt, defeating french, establishing the first black republic in hemisphere
Only successful large slave rebellion in the world
Latin American Revolutions:
In 1808, when Napoleon invaded Spain and king of Portugal was disposed, that created instability which created right moment for revolution
Leaders like Simon Bolivar articulated made visions: Letter from Jamaica (he called Spain’s political rivals in Europe to support their cause for independence)
He also attempted to persuade Latin American nations to unite in the cause of throwing off Spanish colonial dominance
Nationalist Movements and Unification:
Calls for greater degrees of self- rule: Propaganda Movement in the Philippines
Effort toward unification: inspired by nationalistic fervor
Was happening in Italy and Germany
The Industrial Revolution:
Began in Great Britain with seven factors
These 7 factors are important because it is the presence or absence of these factors that will later determine where and with what speed industrialization will spread to other places
Factors of Industrialization:
Proximity to Waterways
Distribution of Coal, iron, and timber
Access to Foreign Resources
Improved Agricultural Productivity
Urbanization: rural people into cities
Legal Protections of Private Property
Accumulation of Capital
Factories helped make more goods quickly, which were traded around world for cheaper price
Steam Engine helped these factories thrive
The need for skilled labor became low since factories did work for them
Industrialization Spreads:
As industrialization spread beyond Britain. There were some places that industrialized quickly and others that industrialized slowly or not at all
The difference between the two was the degree to which each place possessed the aforementioned seven factors
Industrial states got more of a share of what was being produced, while non industrial states manufacturing declined
For example, both India and Egypt had long been renowned for their textile production, but after industrialization spread to Britain and elsewhere (far cheaper), Indian and Egyptian market share declined
French Industrialization:
1815: Industrialization arrived in France: slow to adapt due to relative lack of coal and iron deposits
Government played a role: sponsored the construction of railroads and canals, which made it convenient to sell goods once they were made
Pace of Industrialization was slower: avoided the major social upheavals that were more common in Britain
US Industrialization
Large Territory: allowed for abundant access to natural resources
Political Stability Post - Civil War
Growing Population: provided an expanding market for mass- produced goods
Prosperous Economy: led to a higher standard of living compared to European counterparts
Russian Industrialization
Remained under rule of absolutist Czar
State- Driven industrialization: built railroads to link their vast territory into an interdependent market
Made some good progress: process carried out with brutalization of workers (which led to upheavals)
Japanese Industrialization
Industrialization Outlier: For the most part, Asian states were declining in important with the rise of industry and were getting pushed around by industrialist nations
Meiji Restoration: engaged in state-sponsored defensive industrialization
Became most powerful state in the region
Industrial Technology
First Industrial Revolution
Main source of power was coal and steam
Coal helped make steam engine, which then helped create locomotives and steamships
Built much of their buildings with iron
Used organic dyes (expensive)
Second Industrial Revolution
Main source of power was oil
Oil helped make internal combustion engine, which helped make things like the lightbulb, streetcar, and telegraph
Steel became the most popular use for construction
Used synthetic dyes for clothing (much cheaper)
Used rubber (very durable) was very effective for electric wires and help building in factories
Effects of Technology
Led to development of interior regions
Increase of Trade and Migration
Economic Development and Innovations
Mercantilism (state–driven economic)
Adam smith published a book called The Wealth of Nations: in which he criticized mercantilist policies as coercive and beneficial to only the elite part of society
Smith argued that individuals should be free to make economic decisions and called for free markets free from state intrusion (Laissez- Faire Policies)
He believed that the benefit of the individual would benefit the whole society
After 1815, several western government abandoned some of their state regulations on trade which resulted in increased trade and greater wealth, thus proving Smith right
Development of Transnational Business
Transnational Business: a company that is established and controlled in one country but also establishes large operations in other countries (such as Dutch East India Company)
New Practices:
Stock Markets: enabled people to purchase small shares of ownership in a company and if the company made money so too did the owner of the stocks
Limited Liability Corporations: a way of organizing a business to protect the financial investment of its owners (Joint stock companies 2.0)
Industrial Capitalism: Effects:
Rise in standards of living
Further development of manufacturing technology
More efficient production of goods
Goods become more affordable
More people have access to everyday goods that improve their lives
Reactions to Industrialization:
The people who worked in the factories had to live in tenements, which were like tiny apartments in which diseases spread
They worked long hours doing mind numbering labor
They got made way less than needed to survive
Industrial Reforms:
Political Reform: due to the expansion of suffrage, political parties began to represent the interests not only of the elite but also the growing working class
Social Reform: the working class began to organize themselves into social societies that provided insurance for sickness and an occasion for social events that helped them bind together as a community
Educational Reform: between 1870 and 1914, the majority of European governments passed compulsory education laws to get boys and girls between the ages of 6-12 into school
Urban Reform: due to the rapid pace of urbanization, populations of cities often grew faster than governments could built the infrastructure to support them (Funded sanitation infrastructure like sewers and passed laws to limit number of hours spent at work)
Labor Unions: collectives of workers that were able to negotiate and bargain as a group in order to improve their lives
Karl Marx made development of Scientific Socialism
Proletariat= working class
Bourgeoisie= upper class
Proletariat becomes conscious of their suffering
Rises up and overthrows the Bourgeoisie
Takes over the means of production
Establishes a classless society
Reactionary Industrialization
Successful Industrialization: Britain, Russia, USA, Japan
Reactionary Industrialization: Ottoman, Qing China
Self- Strengthening Movement
Realized Industrialization was only way to maintain power: Borrowed from the west while attempting to revitalize traditional Chinese culture
Some steps were made in modernizing China: Full benefits of industrialization was hindered by Chinese conservatives who resisted these developments because they threatened the power of landowning class
Resulted in Half-Hearted Program of Modernization: proved to be insufficient when they lost the Sino-Japanese War to industrialized Japan
Tanzimat Reforms:
Built factories
Laid railroads
Adopted Western- Style Law Codes
Absolutist Sultan gave in to Reformers (like young ottomans and accepted a constitution and a parliamentary government)
Ottoman Conservatives resisted reforms (most notable was sultan himself, who resumed his absolute power under the threat of war with Russia)
Industrialization’s Social Effects:
New social classes:
At bottom was the Working Class: who experienced better standards of living than rural areas they left behind. They were mainly factory workers and miners
Above them was the Middle Class: who were wealthy factory owners and managers along the white collar workers (doctors, lawyers, teachers, etc)
Above them was the Industrialists: who gained wealth by starting an owning large corporation and became more powerful than the traditional landed aristocracy
Role of Women:
Working class Women worked wage- earning jobs just as men
Middle class Women’s husbands earned enough to support the family without paid labor from the wife
Middle class women were increasingly defined by their domestic roles as homemakers