APhug unit 4
1. state- A politically bound area controlled by an established government that has authority over its internal affairs and foreign policy
2. sovereignty- power of a political unit to rule over its own affairs
3. self-determination- ability for a group of people to form their own independent state
4. nation- a group of people that have certain things in common: cultural heritage, unifying beliefs, traditional claim to a particular space as thier homeland, desire to establish own state/express self rule
5. nation-state- a sovereign state where cultural borders of a nation match the borders of a state
6. multinational state- a country that contains more than one nation
7. multistate nation- has an independent state of its own that exists in other states too (ex. han chinese)
8. stateless nation- nation but no independent state of their own. wants to express self rule but failed, is also minority in each state
9. autonomous region- areas of a country that have a degree of self governance and independence allowing them to manage their own affairs while still being part of the larger state
10. semiautonomous region- area where a group has some type of political autonomy. Semi-autonomous regions, like Kurdistan, has a degree of power and self-determination, but not fully like the autonomous regions of Russia in the North Caucasus region.
11. Peace of Westphalia- the event where the concept of a country was created, stating that independent states should have a right to govern themselves without interference from other countries.
12. Berlin Conference- european colonist countries divide africa with no regard for tribal or ethnic differences
13. decolonization- process of achieving independence from a colonial power
15. Geopolitics
Colonialism- Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
Imperialism- A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
16. neocolonialism- a new form of colonialism and imperialism. the practice of using economic, political, and cultural pressures to control or influence countries, especially those that were formerly colonized, without direct military or political intervention.
17. territoriality- the connection of people, their culture, and economic systems to the land which leads to an increased willingness by people to defend that land
1. devolution- the transfer of political power from a central govt. to a subnational level of govt. within an independent state
2. ethnic separatism- the desire of an ethnic group to promote devolution along ethnic lines
3. irredentism- a movement to unite people with similar cultural elements but are part of 2 different countries. ex. sometimes people in 1 country prefer to be part of a neighboring country instead of one due to they are in
4. terrorism- violence against innocent civilians for a political purpose
5. ethnic cleansing- the forced removal of a particular ethnic group from a society
6. supranationalism- the process of independent states forming an organization for a common purpose (ex. UN)
Balkanization: The fragmentation or division of a state into smaller, often hostile, regions or states, typically due to ethnic, cultural, or political conflicts.
Democratization: The process by which a state transitions from a non-democratic government to a democratic one, involving increased participation, transparency, and representation.
Regionalism: A sense of regional pride and loyalty to a specific geographic area, often leading to demands for greater autonomy or political representation.
Nationalism: A strong identification with and devotion to one's nation, sometimes emphasizing the interests of one's own nation over those of others.
Ethnonationalism: A form of nationalism where a specific ethnic group seeks self-determination, often resulting in efforts to create a nation-state.
Failed State: A state in which the central government loses authority, often relying on violence to maintain control, leading to widespread instability.
Definitional Boundary Dispute: Conflicts over the legal language or interpretation of a boundary agreement.
Locational Boundary Dispute: Disputes over the exact location or demarcation of a boundary on the ground.
Operational Boundary Dispute: Disputes over how a boundary functions, such as issues with management, policies, or enforcement.
Allocational Boundary Dispute: Conflicts over resources that cross or are located along a boundary, such as oil or water.
Exclave: A portion of a state that is geographically separated from the main part by surrounding territory.
Political Enclave: A territory that is entirely surrounded by another political entity and is politically distinct.
Physical (Natural) Boundaries: Boundaries based on natural features of the landscape, such as rivers, mountains, or deserts, that separate political or cultural areas.
2. geometric boundaries- Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines.
3. cultural boundaries
4. antecedent boundaries- a boundary line established before the area in question is well populated
5. subsequent boundaries- a boundary line that is established after the area in question has been settled and that considers the cultural characteristics of the bounded area
6. consequent boundaries- a boundary line that coincides with some cultural divide, such as religion or language
7. superimposed boundaries- a boundary line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural pattern
8. relic boundaries- A boundary no longer observed but that still affects the present-day area
9. defined boundaries- A boundary established by a legal document, such as a treaty.
10. delimited boundaries- a line drawn on a map to show the limits of a space
11. demarcated boundaries- A boundary demarcated (marked) by some visible means on the ground. Ex. wall posts, fences, etc.
12. administered boundaries-
13. demilitarized zone (DMZ)- A zone from which military forces or operations or installations are prohibited
20. Shatterbelt- a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals (e.g., Israel or Kashmir today; Eastern Europe during the Cold War,...).
21. choke point- strategic setting where narrow waterways or other narrow passages are vulnerable to military blockade disruption
22. United Nations Conference on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS)
23. territorial sea- within 12 nautical miles of shore all laws of country apply, country has complete sovereignty in the area
24. contiguous zone- within 24 nautical miles of the shore, not in the country’s sovereignty. The country can enforce laws on customs, immigration and sanitation. They cannot enforce any other laws
25. exclusive economic zone (EEZ)- within 200 nautical miles of shore. The state controls all resources in this zone, ex. Fisheries and oil and gas production
26. high seas- anything past 200 nautical miles of shore, any country can access resources in this area
27. voting districts- House members represent a particular district of voters, southern states had to be forced to choose a district. (ex of spatial organization)
28. Census- A complete enumeration of a population.
29. reapportionment
30. Redistricting- The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population.
31. Gerrymandering- the drawing of political boundaries for political gain
32. Packing- placing all opposing party into one district and win all the other districts
33. Cracking- strategically putting all opposing into minorities in all districts
34. unitary states- An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials
35. federal states- An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government.