CMA TRAINEE STUDY SHEET 2

Page 1: Blood Pressure and Hypertension

Normal Ranges for Blood Pressure

Age: Older than 12 years
- Systolic: 110-130
- Diastolic: 65-80
Age: 6-12 years
- Systolic: 100-120
- Diastolic: 60-75
Age: 3-6 years
- Systolic: 95-110
- Diastolic: 60-75
Age: 1-3 years
- Systolic: 90-105
- Diastolic: 55-70

Important Definitions

Systolic: Top number of blood pressure; first sound heard.
Diastolic: Bottom number; noted when the last sound disappears.

Stages of Hypertension

BP Category	Systolic	Diastolic
Normal	<120	<80
Elevated	120-129	<80
Stage 1 Hypertension	130-139	80-89
Stage 2 Hypertension	140 or higher	90 or higher
Hypertensive Crisis	>180	>120

Blood Pressure Cuff Sizes

Upper Arm Circumference	BP Cuff Size
8.7-10.2 in	Small adult
10.6-13.4 in	Adult
13.8-17.3 in	Large adult
17.7-20.5 in	X-Large adult

Page 2: Pulse and Vital Signs

Artery Locations

Temporal: Side of forehead
Femoral: Inner groin
Popliteal: Behind knee
Posterior Tibial: Behind ankle
Dorsalis Pedis: Top of foot
Radial: Thumb side of wrist
Brachial: Inside upper arm
Carotid: Neck below jawbone

Pulse Ranges by Age

Age Group	Pulse (beats/min)
Adolescent or older	60-100
School-aged (6-15)	75-118
Preschooler (3-5)	80-120
Toddler (1-2)	98-140
Infant (1 month-1 year)	100-180

Note on Pulse Evaluation

Pulse is evaluated based on:
- Rate
- Rhythm (regularity)
- Volume (strength)
Adult height should be measured to the nearest quarter of an inch.

Page 3: Types of Abnormal Breathing

Abnormal Breathing Types and Causes

Term	Definition	Causes
Hyperventilation	Fast, rapid breathing	Intense pain, anxiety, panic attacks
Hyperpnea	Excessively deep breathing	Extreme pain or anxiety
Dyspnea	Difficult or painful breathing	COPD, pneumonia, asthma, high altitude, exertion
Orthopnea	Difficulty breathing unless upright	Congestive heart failure, COPD
Wheezing	Whistling sound during breathing	Asthma
Rales	Small clicking, bubbling, rattling	Fluid in air sacs, pneumonia
Rhonchi	Large airway sounds	COPD, chronic bronchitis, pneumonia

Respiratory Rate Ranges by Age

Age Group	Rate (breaths/min)
Adolescent or older	12-20
School age (6-15)	18-25
Preschooler (3-5)	20-28
Toddler (1-2)	22-37
Infant (1 month-1 year)	30-53

Important Evaluation Notes

Respiration is evaluated based on:
- Rate
- Rhythm
- Depth
One respiration includes one complete inhalation and exhalation.

Page 4: Methods of Taking Temperature

Locations and Devices for Temperature Measurement

Location	Abbreviation	Device
Tympanic (opening of ear)	T	Tympanic thermometer
Aural (ear canal)	AU	Tympanic thermometer
Rectal (rectum)	R	Rectal probe
Temporal artery (forehead)	TA	Temporal artery thermometer
Oral (mouth)	OT	Digital thermometer
Axillary (armpit)	AX	Digital thermometer

Important Considerations

Hot or cold liquids, chewing gum, or smoking prior to taking an oral temperature can result in inaccurate results.

Age Related Temperature Norms

Age	Fahrenheit	Celsius
Newborn (axillary)	98.2°	36.8°
1 year (tympanic)	99.7°	37.6°
6 years-adult (oral)	98.6°	37°
Over 70 (oral)	96.8°	36°

Important Notes

Common cause of pyrexia (fever) is infection.

Temperature Conversion Formulas

Celsius to Fahrenheit: °C = (°F - 32) / 1.8
Fahrenheit to Celsius: °F = (°C x 1.8) + 32

Page 5: Body Mass Index (BMI)

BMI Chart

Weight Status	Range
Underweight	Less than 18.5
Normal	18.5 - 24.9
Overweight	25.0 - 29.9
Obese	Over 30.0

Formula for Converting BMI

BMI = Weight in kg / Height in m²
BMI = Weight in lbs / Height in inches² x 703

Body Positions and Descriptions

Position Name	Description	Procedures
Supine	Lying flat on back, comfortable for head, chest exams	Examine anterior surface, used for x-rays
Prone	Lying face down	Back exams, certain surgeries
Dorsal Recumbent	Lying flat on back with knees bent	Inspect head and neck, rectal areas
Lithotomy	Dorsal recumbent with feet in stirrups	Vaginal examinations, often with speculum
Fowler's	Sitting upright	Head, neck, upper body examinations
Semi-Fowler's	Head at 45-degree angle	Post-surgical exams, breathing difficulties
Left Lateral	Lying on left side, right leg bent upward	Rectal exams, taking temperatures

Page 6: Knee-Chest Position

Knee-Chest Position

Procedure Description	Use Cases
Placed in prone position with knees up	Proctologic exams, sigmoidoscopy, rectal and vaginal exams

Page 7: Medication Routes

Routes of Medication Administration

Route	Location
Parenteral (Non-oral)	Injection into the body
Subcutaneous (SC or SubQ)	Below the skin layer
Intradermal (ID)	Into the dermis
Intramuscular (IM)	Into the muscle
Intravenous (IV)	Into the vein

Page 8: Correct Dosage Formula

Dosage Calculation Formula

Formula: X = D / H x U
- X = Desired Dosage
- D = Dose strength available
- H = Unit of measurement or quantity
Measurement Conversions:
- 1 kg = 1000 g
- 1 g = 1000 mg
- 1 mg = 1000 mcg

Important Conversion Principles

Bigger number to smaller number: divide
Smaller number to bigger number: multiply
1 kg = 2.2 lb
Kg to lb = lb x 2.2
Lb to kg = lb / 2.2
Always add a "0" in front of decimals. Ex: .4 = 0.4

Page 9: Rights for Medication Administration

Medication Administration Rights

Right Patient: Use two identifiers (name, date of birth).
Right Medication: Check the label three times (medication strength and dose).
- First: Check the medication label.
- Second: Prepare the medication.
- Third: Dispose of or return the container.
Right Form: Confirm the correct form of medication (liquid, tablet, capsule, etc.).
Right Dose: Verify the dosage in the patient's record.
Right Route: Compare the instructed route vs. MAR (Medication Administration Record).
Right Time: Confirm timing specifications.
Right Technique: Know the correct technique for administering each medication.
Right Education: Explain the medication, provider, and reason to the patient, including potential side effects.
Right Documentation: Document date, time, quantity, strength, lot number, manufacturer, expiration date, consent, and patient outcome.

Reusable Medical Devices Status

Status	Devices
Critical	Surgical forceps, items encountering blood or sterile tissue
Semi-Critical	Endoscopes, items encountering mucous membranes
Non-Critical	Stethoscopes, items encountering unbroken skin

Page 10: Common Types of Surgical Interventions

Surgical Procedure Types

Procedure	Description	Purpose
Biopsy	Surgical removal of tissue for examination	Diagnose cancer, skin conditions, or diseases
Removal of Foreign Object	Surgical removal of embedded objects	Relieve pain, prevent infection
Endoscopy	Viewing hollow organ or body cavity	Evaluate stomach pain, swallowing difficulty, GI bleeding, etc.
Colposcopy	Examination of vagina and cervix	Examine tissue, obtain biopsy
Cryosurgery	Use of cold to destroy abnormal cells	Destroy tissues, abnormal cells
Incision and drainage (I&D)	Lancing pressure buildups from pus	Relieve infection-related fluid buildup

Page 11: Injection Sites, Angles & Needle Sizes

Injection Types, Sites & Specifications

Type	Common Sites	Angle	Needle Size	Max Amount
Subcutaneous (SC)	Upper, outer arm; abdominal; thigh	45°	25-31 Gauge	1.5 mL
Intradermal (ID)	Forearm, upper chest	5-15°	25-27 Gauge	0.1 mL
Intramuscular (IM)	Deltoid, ventrogluteal, thigh	90°	20-25 Gauge	3 mL (Deltoid 1 mL)
Intravenous (IV)	Vein (commonly)	25°	Varies	Varies

Important Procedures for Injections

Must create a wheal for the TB test and monitor response without using a band-aid. Follow up in 48-72 hours.
Common length for intramuscular needles is 1-1.5 inches; gauge varies (typically 21-23 for IM).
Ideal for thick medications: Ventrogluteal.
Use vastus lateralis for: Children aged 3 years and younger.
For subcutaneous injections, pinch the skin and inject slowly.

Page 12: Types of Injections Overview

Injection Overview

Type	Common Angle
Intramuscular	90°
Subcutaneous	45°
Intravenous	25°
Intradermal	10-15°

Page 13: Required Components of a Medical Record

Medical Record Components

Component	Example
Demographic Data	Name, Address, Date of Birth, Identity, Contact, Employment info
Administrative Data	Privacy practices forms, Consents, Directives
Correspondence	Insurance communications, legal letters
Schedule, Financial	Appointment details, insurance info, balances

Page 14: Clinical Data Components

Clinical Data Components

Component	Example
Health History	Chief complaint, diagnosis, history
Physical Examination	Assessment of body parts
Allergies	Documented allergies
Medication Record	Details on medications
Problem List	Documented problems
Progress Notes	New info from patient visits
Laboratory Data	Test results
Diagnostic Procedures	ECG, Holter, Spirometry, Imaging reports
Continuity of Care	Consultation summaries, discharge documents

Page 15: Computer Provider Order Entry (CPOE)

CPOE Overview

CPOE: Electronic medical order entry system replacing traditional paper methods.
Benefits of CPOE:
- Reduces human error.
- Speeds up care delivery.
- Improves order accuracy.
- Enhances communication among healthcare teams.
- Allows for clinical decision support at the point of care.

Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS)

CDSS enhances medical decision-making with strategically provided clinical knowledge, patient info, and relevant health data.

Page 16: Abbreviations Used in Healthcare

Common Medical Abbreviations

Term	Abbreviation
Before eating	ac
As desired	Ad lib
Twice a day	BID
Grams	g
Milliliters	mL or ml
By mouth	PO
As needed	prn
Four times a day	QID
Immediately	STAT
Tablespoons	T or TBS
Teaspoon	T or tsp
Three times a day	TID
Advanced life support	ALS
Blood work	Bl wk
Body mass index	BMI
Blood pressure	BP
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation	CPR
Cervical spine	C-spine

Page 17: Body Systems Overview

Overview of Body Systems

System	Function	Involved Organs
Musculoskeletal	Support, shape, movement	Bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments
Nervous/Sensory	Translate input, make decisions	Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
Circulatory/Cardiovascular	Transportation of O2, nutrients	Blood vessels, heart
Endocrine	Regulation of bodily functions	Glands (e.g., thyroid, pancreas)
Reproductive	Continuation of species	Ovaries, testes, uterus, etc.
Integumentary	Protection of internal organs	Skin, hair, nails
Lymphatic	Protection from infection	Lymph vessels, spleen, tonsils
Digestive	Intake, absorption of nutrients	Mouth, stomach, intestines, etc.
Respiratory	Gas exchange	Lungs, trachea
Excretory	Waste elimination	Kidneys, bladder

Page 18: Tissue Types and Locations

Types of Tissue

Type	Function	Description
Epithelial	Covers and lines	Skin, glands, linings of organs
Connective	Joins together	Bone, blood, tendons, and cartilage
Muscle	Contracts	Cardiac, smooth, skeletal
Nervous	Carries electrical signals	Neurons

Body Location Terms

Term	Meaning	Example
Superior	Above	The nose is superior to the chin
Inferior	Below	The lips are inferior to the nose
Ventral	Belly side	The breasts and knees are ventral
Dorsal	Back side	The buttocks and knuckles are dorsal
Distal	Farthest from point of insertion	Lesion A is distal from the shoulder
Proximal	Closest to point of insertion	Lesion C is proximal to the shoulder
Lateral	Away from midline	Ears are lateral to the nose
Medial	Toward the midline	Nose is medial to the ears

Page 19: Vitamins and Their Functions

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin	Source	Function
B12	Meat, fish, dairy	Cell development, nerve function
B1	Pork, whole grains	Energy and nerve function
B2	Dairy, green leafy veggies	Metabolism, vision
B3	Meat, bread, nuts	Metabolism, digestive health
B6	Meat, fruits, vegetables	Protein metabolism
C	Citrus fruits, vegetables	Immunity, antioxidant
Folic Acid	Green leafy vegetables, citrus	Red blood cell production

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin	Source	Function
A	Dairy, liver, orange veggies	Vision, immunity
D	Milk, sunlight, fatty fish	Calcium absorption
E	Nuts, vegetable oils	Antioxidant, cell health
K	Leafy veggies, dairy	Blood clotting

Page 20: Common Vital Signs

Common Vital Signs Definitions

Term	Definition
Apnea	Absence of respirations
Arrhythmia	Irregular heartbeat
Bradycardia	Heart rate below normal
Tachycardia	Heart rate above normal
Bradypnea	Respirations below normal
Tachypnea	Respiratory rate above normal
Dyspnea	Difficulty breathing
Febrile	Pertaining to fever
Afebrile	Without fever
Hypertension	High blood pressure
Hypotension	Low blood pressure
Orthopnea	Difficulty breathing when lying down
Orthostatic Hypotension	Temporary lowering of BP on position change

Drug Classifications

Classification	Action	Example
Adrenergic	Constricts blood vessel lumen	Epinephrine
Anesthetic	Loss of sensation	Lidocaine
Antibiotic	Kills pathogens	Amoxicillin
Anticoagulant	Decreases clotting time	Coumadin
Antidepressant	Reduces depression	Zoloft
Antihistamine	Counteracts histamines	Zyrtec
Antihypertensive	Reduces high blood pressure	Lisinopril
Hormone Replacement	Replaces deficient hormones	Synthroid
Narcotic	Decreases CNS activity	Morphine

Page 21: Minerals

Common Minerals and Their Sources

Mineral	Source
Potassium	Oranges, bananas, potatoes
Calcium	Milk, sardines, fortified orange juice
Iron	Red meat, beans, dried fruits
Fluoride	Fluoridated water, toothpaste
Iodine	Seafood, iodized salt

Wound Types and Phases of Healing

Wound Type	Definition
Abrasion	Outer layer of skin rubbed away
Incision	Smooth cut from a sharp object
Laceration	Irregular tear of tissue
Puncture	Created by a sharp object

Phases of Wound Healing

Phase	Description
Inflammatory	Starts at wound occurrence, immune response active
Proliferative	Wound begins to heal with cell formation
Maturation	Tissue covers the wound, scar tissue forms

Page 22: Burns Overview

Burn Degrees

Degree	Description
1st Degree	Affects outer layer (red, slight swelling)
2nd Degree	Breaks skin surface, injures underlying tissue
3rd Degree	Damages nerves and deep tissues (charred areas)
4th Degree	Extends through deep tissue (no sensation)

Important Treatment Notes

Use nonadherent dressing for partial thickness burns.
Injection Information:
Ampule: One-time use, discard after use.
Vial: Multidose; label with opening date and user name.
Last for 28 days from opening.

Page 23: Needle and Syringe Sizes and Usage

Syringe Sizes and Usage

Size	Measurement	Use
1 mL	Measures 0.01-1.0 mL	TB/PPA tests Intradermal
3 mL	Measures up to 3.0 mL	Intramuscular/subcutaneous
5 mL	Measures larger amounts	Intramuscular
12 mL	Measures larger amounts	Generally for feeding tubes

Important Identification for Injections

Identify Order
Identify Needle
Identify Syringe
Identify Route

Page 24: Needle Sizes

Needle Sizes Overview

Length: Ranges from 5/16 to 1 ½ inches
Gauge: Ranges from 14g to 31g

Page 25: Common Medical Terminology

Common Terms and Meanings

Term	Meaning
Abrasion	Cut or scrape
Abscess	Tender, fluid-filled pocket (infection)
Acute	Sudden, severe condition
Benign	Not cancerous
Biopsy	Tissue sample for testing
Chronic	Recurring condition
Contusion	Bruise
Defibrillator	Device restoring normal heartbeat
Edema	Swelling from fluid accumulation
Embolism	Arterial blockage (blood clot)
Fracture	Broken bone
Hypertension	High blood pressure
Inpatient	Requires hospitalization
Intravenous	Given thru vein
Malignant	Indicates cancer
Outpatient	Receives care without hospitalization
Prognosis	Expected outcome
Relapse	Return of disease after recovery
Sutures	Stitches for tissue closure
Transplant	Organ transfer
Vaccine	Immunity-stimulating substance

Page 26: Common Prefixes and Suffixes

Common Medical Prefixes

Prefix	Meaning
A-, An-	Lack of or without
Dys-	Abnormal, difficult
Macro-	Large
Micro-	Small
Poly-	Many
Pseudo-	False
Contra-, Anti-	Against
Bio-	Life
Ab-	Away from
Ad-	Toward
Ante-, pre-, pro-	Before
Intra-	Within

Common Medical Suffixes

Suffix	Meaning
-ation	Process
-ectomy	Removal
-itis	Inflammation
-ology	Study of
-pathy	Disease or disorder
-algia	Pain
-plasty	Surgical repair
-osis	Abnormal condition
-emia	Blood condition
-rrhea	Discharge or flow
-pathy	Disorder/disease

Page 27: Common Abbreviations

Common Medical Abbreviations and Acronyms

Abbreviation/Acronym	Meaning
Abd	Abdomen
ABGs	Arterial blood gases
BID	Twice a day
C	Celsius
CBC	Complete blood count
CPR	Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
DNR	Do not resuscitate
ECG, EKG	Electrocardiogram
GI	Gastrointestinal
RX	Prescription
UA	Urinalysis
TB	Tuberculosis

Page 28: Common Abbreviations and Acronyms to Avoid

Abbreviations Not to Use

Do Not Use: MS, MSO4
Use Instead: Morphine
Do Not Use: U, u, IU
Use Instead: Units
Do Not Use: cc
Use Instead: mL
Do Not Use: OD, O.D., od
Use Instead: Daily
Do Not Use: q.d, qd, Q.D, QD, q1d
Use Instead: Daily
Do Not Use: TIW
Use Instead: Three times a week

Page 29: Sutures Overview

Types of Sutures

Suture Type	Definition	Time Frame
Absorbable	Resorbed by tissue enzymes	5-20 days
Nonabsorbable	Used where easily removed	5-6 days

Important Notes on Size and Locations of Sutures

Suture size: Measured by gauge from 0 to 6.
Locations for sutures:
- 5-0 to 6-0 for delicate tissue (face/neck)
- 2-0 for chest or abdomen

Page 30: EKG Basics

EKG Basics

P wave: Atrial depolarization (contraction)
QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization (contraction)
T wave: Ventricular repolarization (relaxation)
U wave: Rarely visible, indicates repolarization of ventricles
PR interval: Time from atrial depolarization to ventricular depolarization.
QT interval: Time from ventricular depolarization to ventricular repolarization.
ST segment: Time from end of QRS to start of T wave.
Cardiac cycle: One full sequence from P wave to T wave.

Page 31: Abnormal Sinus Rhythms

Sinus Rhythms Overview

Sinus Dysrhythmia: Slight irregularity commonly seen in children due to vagal response.
Sinus Arrest: Break in EKG; may require monitoring if symptomatic.
Atrial Rhythms: Originate from atria; may lack P waves.
PACs/PVCs: Early contractions from atria/ventricles.

Ventricular Atrial Conditions

Ventricular Tachycardia: Fast rhythm with wide QRS; P waves absent.
Ventricular Fibrillation: Quivering, uncoordinated contractions.

Page 32: Atrial Conditions and Heart Problems

Atrial Flutter and Fibrillation

Atrial Flutter: Faster area firing results in flutter waves; can be medication-controlled.
Atrial Fibrillation: Disorganized firing leads to irregular QRS rhythm; anticoagulants often needed.

Test Result Actions

Asystole: Absence of all electric activity; check consciousness first.
Artifact: Non-cardiac activity interfering with EKG results.

Page 33: Important Monitoring Techniques

Monitoring Notes

Somatic Tremor: Muscle movement causes artifact; keep patient warm.
Wandering Baseline: Movement impacts tracing; adjust electrodes.
Electrical Interference: Poor grounding leads to spikes on EKG.

Page 34: EKG Placements and Colors

EKG Lead Placements

Placement	Color
Left leg	RED
Right leg	GREEN
Right arm	WHITE
Left arm	BLACK
Right of sternum, 4th intercostal	RED (V1)
Left of sternum, 4th intercostal	YELLOW (V2)
Between V2 and V4	GREEN (V3)
Midclavicular line, 5th intercostal	BLUE (V4)
Left anterior axillary line	ORANGE (V5)
Midaxillary line, level with V5	PURPLE (V6)

Important Notes

Place V4 before V3 to ensure proper placement. EKG machines read from 12 angles, using 10 leads.

Page 35: Hearing and Vision Tests

Hearing Tests

Test	Definition
Weber	Tuning fork in the middle of the head; assess lateralization.
Rinne	Tuning fork behind the ear; raise hand when noise disappears.

Vision Tests

Test	Definition
Snellen	Patient reads smallest line from 20 ft.
Ishihara	Tests for red-green color blindness.

Page 36: Scheduling Methods and Patient Flow

Types of Scheduling Methods

Method	Explanation
Specific Time	Individual appointments scheduled
Wave Scheduling	Multiple patients scheduled within the same time frame.
Double Booking	Two patients seen simultaneously
Clustering	Groups scheduled based on common needs

Important Terminology

Diagnosis Code: ICD-10-CM; reason for visit.
Procedure Code: CPT®; services provided.

Page 37: Phlebotomy Needle Systems

Needle Systems for Blood Draws

Type	Needle Size	Definition
Evacuated System	20-22 gauge, ¾ - 1.5 inches	Multi-use system with tubes creating a vacuum.
Winged Infusion System	21-23 gauge, ½ - ¾ inch	Butterfly needles with flexible wings.
Needle Syringe System	16-gauge needle	Used for smaller volumes, not ideal.

Important Needle Notes

Bevel Up: Position needle properly for less pain during injections.

Page 38: Blood Components

Blood Component Overview

Component	Definition
Plasma	Contains water, waste, gases, nutrients, proteins
White Blood Cells (WBC)	Fight infections
Red Blood Cells (RBC)	Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
Platelets	Involved in clotting processes

Drawing Order for Blood Tests

Color	Additive Used	Lab Use	Inversions
Yellow	Sodium polyanethol sulfonate (SPS)	Blood cultures	0
Blue	Sodium citrate	Coagulation tests (PT, PTT)	3-4
Red	None	Serum tests	5
Gold/Gray	Clot activator	Routine chemistry tests	5
Green	Heparin	Chemistry tests	8
Lavender	EDTA	Hematology tests	8
Grey	Potassium oxalate & sodium fluoride	Chemistry tests	8-10

Page 39: Normal Lab Values Overview

Normal Lab Values for Blood Tests

Test	Normal Value
Glucose	70-110 mg/dL
Albumin	3.5-5.5 g/dL
Hemoglobin	M: 13-18, F: 12-16 g/dL
Creatinine	M: 0.8-1.2, F: 0.5-1.1 mg/dL
Total Cholesterol	Below 200 mg/dL

Page 40: Critical Lab Values

Critical Lab Values

Test/Component	Normal Value	Critical Values
Sodium	135-145 mEq/L	<120 or >160 mEq/L
Potassium	3.5-5.0 mEq/L	<2.8 or >6.2 mEq/L
Glucose	70-110 mg/dL	<40 or >450 mg/dL
Calcium	8.6-10 mg/dL	<6 or >13 mg/dL

Page 41: Additional Lab Information

Common Lab Terminology

Term	Meaning
Hematocrit	Volume of red blood cells in blood
Prothrombin Time	Time needed for blood to clot
International Normalized Ratio (INR)	Standardized blood clotting time

Page 42: Anatomy and Physiology Overview

Basic Cell Structure

Structure	Function
Plasma Membrane	Protects and regulates entry/exit within the cell
Cytoplasm	Medium for chemical reactions
Mitochondria	Powerhouse, converts nutrients to energy
Nucleus	Contains the cell's DNA
Ribosomes	Protein synthesis

Page 43: Body Planes and Cavities

Planes of the Body

Sagittal Plane: Divides body left and right.
Transverse Plane: Divides body into upper and lower parts.
Frontal Plane: Divides body into anterior and posterior sections.

Body Cavities

Cavity	Description
Cranial	Houses the brain
Spinal	Contains the spinal cord
Thoracic	Contains heart/lungs
Abdominal	Contains major digestive organs
Pelvic	Contains bladder and reproductive organs

Page 44: Integumentary System Overview

Components

Component	Function
Skin	Protection, temperature regulation, sensation
Hair	Protection, temperature regulation
Nails	Protection for the fingertips

Functions of the Integumentary System

Protection: Shields against pathogens.
Temperature Regulation: Sweat glands help cool the body.
Sensation: Receptors for touch, pain, and temperature.

Page 45: Conditions of the Integumentary System

Common Conditions and Treatments

Condition	Symptoms	Treatment
Cellulitis	Redness, swelling, warmth	Antibiotics
Dermatitis	Red, itchy rash	Topical solutions, antihistamines
Eczema	Red, itchy lesions	Moisturizers, corticosteroids
Skin Cancer: Basal Cell	Non-healing sore	Surgical excision
Skin Cancer: Melanoma	Irregular mole characteristics	Surgery, possible radiation

Page 46: Skeletal System Overview

Skeletal System Components

Component	Description
Axial Skeleton	Consists of skull, vertebrae, ribs
Appendicular Skeleton	Includes arms, legs, pelvic girdle
Ligaments	Attach bone to bone
Tendons	Attach muscle to bone

Types of Bones

Type	Example
Long Bones	Femur, humerus
Short Bones	Carpals, tarsals
Flat Bones	Skull, ribs
Irregular Bones	Vertebrae, pelvis

Page 47: Conditions of the Skeletal System

Common Skeletal Conditions

Condition	Symptoms	Treatment
Sprain	Swelling, bruising	RICE protocol (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation)
Osteoporosis	Fragility, potential fractures	Medications, lifestyle changes
Osteoarthritis	Joint pain, stiffness	Physical therapy, surgery if severe
Rheumatoid Arthritis	Joint pain, swelling	Medication management, physical therapy
Gout	Pain in joints, redness	Medication to manage pain and diet changes

Page 48: Muscular System Overview

Muscular System Components

Component	Description
Skeletal Muscle	Body movements
Smooth Muscle	Involuntary movements
Cardiac Muscle	Heart contractions

Diseases of the Muscular System

Disease	Symptoms	Treatment
Muscular Dystrophy	Muscle weakness, eventual paralysis	Supportive care, therapy
Myopathy	Weakness, cramps	Depends on the underlying cause
Myalgia	Muscle pain	Pain relief medications
Shin Splint	Lower leg pain, tenderness	Rest, ice, stretching

Page 49: Immune and Lymphatic System Overview

Components of the Immune System

Component	Function
Lymph Nodes	Filter lymph, store lymphocytes
Thymus	Maturation of T-cells
Spleen	Filters blood, houses immune cells

Immunity Types

Type	Description
Natural Active Immunity	Infection-induced antibody development
Artificial Active Immunity	Vaccination that prompts antibody development
Natural Passive Immunity	Maternal antibodies passed to baby through placenta/breast milk
Artificial Passive Immunity	Injection of antibodies from another source

Page 50: Cardiovascular System Overview

Components of the Cardiovascular System

Component	Function
Heart	Pumps blood throughout the body
Blood Vessels	Transport blood
Arteries	Carry blood away from the heart
Veins	Carry blood to the heart
Capillaries	Exchange of gases and nutrients

Diseases of the Cardiovascular System

Disease	Symptoms	Treatment
Anemia	Fatigue, dizziness, heart irregularities	Iron supplements, transfusions
Atherosclerosis	Chest pain, TIAs	Lifestyle changes, medication
Congestive Heart Failure	Edema, shortness of breath	Medications, lifestyle changes
Hypertension	Headaches, irregular rhythm	Medication, lifestyle modifications

Page 51: Urinary System Overview

Urinary System Components

Component	Function
Kidneys	Filter blood, produce urine
Ureters	Transport urine from kidneys to bladder
Urinary Bladder	Stores urine
Urethra	Carries urine to the outside

Diseases of the Urinary System

Disease	Symptoms	Treatment
Acute Renal Failure	Decreased urine output, fatigue	Correct underlying cause, dialysis if severe
Chronic Renal Failure	Fatigue, high blood pressure	Managing blood pressure, potential dialysis
Renal Calculi	Severe pain with urination	Pain relievers, lithotripsy
UTI	Burning urination, flank pain	Antibiotics

Page 52: Gastrointestinal System Overview

Gastrointestinal System Components

Component	Function
Mouth	Initiates digestion
Pharynx	Connects mouth to esophagus
Stomach	Breaks down food
Small Intestine	Absorbs nutrients
Large Intestine	Final absorption, forms feces
Rectum	Stores feces until elimination
Anus	Excretes waste

Page 53: Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System

Common GI Conditions

Disease	Symptoms	Treatment
Appendicitis	Right abdomen pain	Surgical removal of appendix
Celiac Disease	Anemia, diarrhea	Gluten-free diet
Colorectal Cancer	Fatigue, bloating	Surgery, chemotherapy
Gastroesophageal Reflux (GERD)	Heartburn	Dietary changes, antacids

Page 54: Respiratory System Overview

Components of the Respiratory System

Component	Function
Nose	Filters air
Pharynx	Air passage
Larynx	Voice production
Trachea	Windpipe
Lungs	Gas exchange

Diseases of the Respiratory System

Disease	Symptoms	Treatment
Asthma	Wheezing, difficulty breathing	Inhalers, medications
Chronic Bronchitis	Shortness of breath, cough	Smoking cessation, bronchodilators
COPD	Productive cough, chest tightness	Smoking cessation, medications

Page 55: Nervous System Overview

Nervous System Components

Component	Function
Brain	Control center of thought and emotion
Spinal Cord	Pathway for nerve impulses
Peripheral Nerves	Connects CNS to limbs and organs

Diseases of the Nervous System

Disease	Symptoms	Treatment
Alzheimer's Disease	Memory loss	Symptom management (no cure available)
Sciatica	Nerve pain	Pain management
Cerebrovascular Accident	Sudden weakness	Emergency treatment for restoration

Page 56: Endocrine System Overview

Endocrine System Components

Component	Function
Hypothalamus	Gland coordinating endocrine system
Pituitary Gland	Master gland, controls other glands
Thyroid Gland	Regulates metabolism
Adrenal Glands	Produces hormones related to stress
Pancreas	Regulates glucose levels

Diseases of the Endocrine System

Disease	Symptoms	Treatment
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1	High blood sugar, excessive thirst	Insulin therapy
Cushing Syndrome	Weight gain, muscle weakness	Medications to lower glucocorticoids

Page 57: Reproductive System Overview

Male Reproductive System Components

Component	Function
Testes	Produce sperm and testosterone
Penis	Urine and semen exit
Prostate Gland	Produces fluid protecting sperm
Seminal Vesicles	Produces seminal fluid

Female Reproductive System Components

Component	Function
Ovaries	Produce eggs, estrogen
Uterus	Hosts fetus during development
Vagina	Birth canal, protects internal structures

Common Conditions of the Reproductive System

Condition	Symptoms	Treatment
Candidiasis	Vaginal itching	Antifungal treatments
Ectopic Pregnancy	Abdominal pain, spotting	Surgery
Endometriosis	Pelvic pain during menstruation	Medication, surgery

Page 58: Homeostasis and the Nervous System

Homeostasis

Nervous and endocrine systems manage homeostasis across body functions.
All body systems contribute to maintaining balance.

Page 59: Overview of Laboratory Testing Methods

Lab Testing Methods

Type	Description
Hematology	Study of blood components
Chemistry	Analyzes chemicals in blood
Microbiology	Identifies infectious agents
Serology	Studies the serum for antibodies
Pathology	Studies tissues for abnormalities

Additional Lab Terms

Term	Meaning
Specimen	Sample for testing
Cultures	Growing microorganisms from samples
Biopsy	Removal of tissue for diagnostic purposes

Page 60: Specimen Collection Methods

Specimen Collection Types

Type	Description
Random Urine	Collected at any time
First Morning Specimen	Most concentrated, used for certain tests
Clean Catch Midstream	Urine collected to minimize contamination
24-Hour Sample	Collection over a day for quantitative analysis
Catheterized Collection	Sterile technique for obtaining urine

Important Guidelines for Samples

Label samples properly
Keep specimens cool and minimize transport time.

Page 61: Hemoglobin Testing and Blood Collection

Common Blood Tests

Test	Collection Method
Hemoglobin (Hgb)	Fingerstick for capillary sample
CBC	Multiple tests on blood samples
Blood Glucose Test	Tested via glucometer from fingerstick sample

Testing Notes

Level monitoring for diabetes and metabolic conditions critical.

Page 62: Blood Components and Lab Tests

Blood Components Overview

Component	Function
Plasma	Liquid component of blood
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)	Oxygen transportation
White Blood Cells (WBCs)	Immune response
Platelets	Clotting functions

Page 63: Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Normal Ranges for CBC

Component	Normal Range
WBC	5,000-10,000 cells/mcL
RBC	M: 4.7-6.1, F: 4.2-5.4 million/mcL
Platelets	150,000 - 400,000 mm³
Hemoglobin	M: 13.5-17.5, F: 12-16 g/dL
Hematocrit	M: 41%-50%, F: 36%-44%

Additional Tests in the CBC Panel

Component	Interpretation
Neutrophils	Elevated during infections
Lymphocytes	Elevated with viral infections
Monocytes	Elevated with chronic inflammation

Page 64: Complete Metabolic Panel and Attachments

Components of CMP

Component	Normal Range
Glucose	70-110 mg/dL
Sodium	135-145 mEq/L
Potassium	3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Calcium	8.5-10.5 mg/dL
BUN	7-20 mg/dL

Important Testing Notes

Confirm abnormal readings with diagnostics before concluding.
Collect blood samples using appropriate techniques.

Page 65: Blood Disorders and Analyses

Common Blood Disorders Overview

Disorder	Signs/Symptoms	Treatment
Anemia	Fatigue, weakness	Iron-rich diet, supplements
Hemophilia	Excessive bleeding	Clotting factor replacement therapy
Thrombocytopenia	Risk of bleeding	Treat underlying condition

Page 66: Blood and O2 Regulation

Oxygen Transport and Regulation

Component	Function
Hemoglobin	Oxygen binding and transport
Oxygen Saturation (SaO2)	Measures blood O2 levels

Page 67: Lab Quality Control and Techniques

Quality Control Overview

Aspect	Definition
Quality Assurance	Ensures positive patient outcomes.
Quality Control	Monitoring and ensuring accuracy of tests.

Specimen Collection Requirements

Requirement	Description
Labeling	Essential for preventing mix-ups.
Timing	Specimens should be processed quickly.

Page 68: Anatomy and Body Composition

Human Body Composition Overview

Tissue Type	Description
Epithelial	Covers body surfaces
Connective	Supports body structure
Muscle	Movement
Nervous	Signal transmission

Page 69: Anatomy and Systems Overview

Body Systems and Their Functions

System	Function
Nervous	Controls body functions
Endocrine	Regulates hormones and metabolism
Integumentary	Maintains body protection
Musculoskeletal	Supports structure and movement
Cardiovascular	Circulation of blood and nutrients
Respiratory	Gas exchange
Urinary	Filters waste
Digestive	Nutrient absorption
Lymphatic	Immune response
Reproductive	Ensures offspring production

Page 70: Infections and Safety Measures

Infection Control Measures

Measure	Purpose
Handwashing	Reduces infection risk
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)	Safeguards against pathogens
Sanitizing Procedures	Ensures cleanliness
Vaccination	Prevents spread of infectious diseases

Page 71: Infection Control Protocol

Infection Control Protocol

Protocol	Detail
Universal Precautions	Treat all fluids as infectious
Standard Precautions	Basic hygiene and sanitation practices
Isolation Techniques	Applies separation for infection control

Page 72: Surgical Controls and Asepsis

Surgical Asepsis Overview

Asepsis Type	Definition
Medical Asepsis	Reduces pathogens
Surgical Asepsis	Complete removal of microbes

Page 73: Professional Standards and Regulations

Professional Standards Overview

Standard	Description
Certification/License	Validates professional qualifications
Scope of Practice	Defines procedures professionals are allowed to perform
Ethical Guidelines	Adheres to ethical standards in healthcare

Page 74: Patient Rights and Consent

Patient Rights Overview

Right	Description
Informed Consent	All treatment options explained to patient
Autonomy	Patients have the right to make informed decisions

Page 75: Patient Management Scheduling

Patient Management Techniques

Technique	Purpose
Time Management	Ensures effective patient flow
Resource Allocation	Assigns appropriate resources for patient care