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Characteristics of Blood

• Blood is the only liquid connective

tissue in the body.

• Blood has many functions including:

– 1. the transport of oxygen

– 2. transport of nutrients

– 3. transport of waste

– 4. temperature regulation

– 5. protection

• Blood color varies dependent on just

how oxygenated it is.Composition of Blood

Blood volume:

5-6 liters in males

4-5 liters in females (slightly less than males)

Plasma -- 55% of blood

90% Water

100+ different substances dissolved in it

(nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, metabolites,

proteins, mineral salts, chemicals)

Formed Elements

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

White blood cells (leukocytes)

PlateletsErythrocytes

Biconcave disk shape

Why???

Most numerous of blood

cells

4.5 to 5.0 million cells

per cubic millimeter of

blood

Are anucleate and only

live 90-120 days Some

juveniles are nucleated.

Extremely flexible, can

contort in and out of

capillaries - spectrin.Erythrocyte ContortionLeukocytes

“ N ever L et M onkeys E at B ananas” –

concentrations from highest to lowest!

Protective, pathogen-destroying cells

Two major classifications:

Granulocytes (What does this mean?)

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Agranulocytes (What does this mean?)

Lymphocytes

MonocytesNeutrophils

The most abundant

leukocyte – 70% of

WBC’s

Multi-Lobed nuclei

Are attracted to

sites of tissue injury

where they migrate

into tissues and kill

bacteria by

phagocytosis

Their number

increases during

infectionEosinophils

Stain red-orange

Fairly rare 2-4%

Function during

allergic reactions

and parasitic

infections – worm

parasitic

infestations,

common in digestive

tract walls

Nucleus is bilobedBasophils

Least abundant

leukocyte 0.5-1%

Stain deep purple

Function in

immediate allergic

reactions to

external allergens

by releasing

histamines

Granules contain

histamines and

heparinMonocytes

Largest

leukocyte 3-8%

of WBC’s – Twice

the size of RBC’s –

bi –lobed (no

granules)

Function as long-

term phagocytes

during prolonged

infections – they

are very active in

chronic infectionsSmallest of the

leukocytes, but

common – 25%. Large

nucleus. No granules

Very little cytoplasm

– looks like all

nucleus

B lymphocytes

produce antibodies

(immunglobulins)

T lymphocytes play

a role in cell

mediated immunity

LymphocytesPlatelets

Not true cells

Fragments of

megakaryocytes

Instrumental in the

clotting process that occurs

in plasma

Clotting cascade in lecture

What is the genetic

disease called where one

does not clot?Procedure 1: Histology

• Blood Smear

• Light microscopy

– 40x objective with 10x eyepieces (what’s the total maginification?)

• Staining

– Allows you to see cells and characteristics.

– Acidic and basic dyes

– This is how eosinophils and basophils are named.Hematocrit

Centrifuging separates blood

into formed elements and

plasma

Used primarily to diagnose

anemia (decreased oxygen

carrying capacity)

Normal values:

Male – 47% ± 7

Female – 42% ± 5

White Cell Layer – Buffy Layer

Plasma

White

Blood

Cells

Red

Blood

CellsProcedure 2: Hematocrit

• We will draw up simulated blood into a capillary tube.

• Plug the end

• Microcentrifuge (what does this do?)

• Measure hematocrit with hematocrit reader.Blood Typing

Two Systems of Classification

ABO and Rh agglutinogens (aka antigens)

Antigens

Molecules recognized as foreign by the

immune system

Antibodies

Proteins secreted by lymphocytes during

immune response that bind in a specific fashion

to antigensBlood TypesType A

Anti B

Antibodies

Type AB

No Anti A or

Anti B

Antibodies

Blood Types

Type B

Anti A

Antibodies

Type O

Anti A

and

Anti BBlood Typing

Type A

Person with only A antigens, make B antibodies

Type B

Person with only B antigens, make A antibodies

Type AB

Person with both A and B antigens, make no A

or B antibodies -- universal recipient

Type O

Person with no antigens; universal donor, make

A and B antibodiesABO Typing System

ABO Blood Typing System

Antigens must be matched between donor and

recipient during transfusions

Agglutination -- clumping together of red blood cells

due to blood type mismatchrH Factor

• rH positive – 85% of the population

• rH negative – 15% of the population

• Hemolytic disease of the newborn, or erythroblastosis

fetalis

• Typically not a problem during the first pregnancyBlood Type PercentagesProcedure 3: Blood typing

• Agglutinins and agglutinogens

– Define blood type

– Leverage antibody/antigens interactions to determine blood type

• Observe antibody/antigens interactions for A, B, & D antigens and

what no reaction looks like.

• Complete an unknown typing exercise.