all history vocab
Fabian Society- British socialist organization
Theodor Herzl- father of zionism
Dreyfus Affair- a Jewish French artillery officer, was wrongfully convicted of treason for allegedly spying for Germany
Giuseppe Garibaldi- He contributed to Italian unification
Otto von Bismarck- German unification
James Hargreaves- inventor of spinning jenny
Richard Arkwright- inventor of the water frame
James Watt- steam engine
Guglielmo Marconi- invented the radio
Charter Oath- outlined the Meiji restoration
zaibatsu- japanese family business
bushido- samurai code of conduct
genros- highly respected elder statesmen in Japan
John Stuart Mill- liberalism, individual freedoms, and social reform. enlightenment thinker
Friedrich Engels- The Communist Manifesto
proletariat- Marxist theory wanting classless society, supported by working class
Tanzimat reform- in the Ottoman Empire wanting modernization
Hatt-i-Humayun-Ottoman imperial edict issued during the Tanzimat reforms that granted equality under the law to all Ottoman subjects
Empress Dowager Cixi- resisted industrial and political reforms such as the Self-Strengthening Movement
Culture System (in Dutch East Indies)-Netherlands-controlled Indonesia where farmers were forced to grow export crops like coffee and sugar for the Dutch government.
David Livingstone- Christian traveler
Seven Years’ War (impact on colonies)- Britain defeated France, gaining Canada and India.
Taiping Rebellion- massive civil war in China led by a Christian-inspired leader, aiming to overthrow the Qing dynasty.
Roosevelt Corollary (to the Monroe Doctrine)-U.S. would intervene in Latin America to maintain order
Tupac Amaru II- major indigenous revolt against Spain in Peru
Great Game (between Russians & British)- geopolitical rivalry between Britain and Russia
Benito Juarez- mexicos president and reform leader, nationalist
guano- natural fertilizer made by bird droppings and a resource extraction
Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)- dominated Mexico, state-led nationalism, reform, and authoritarian stability.
Kuomintang (KMT)- Nationalist Party of China, led by Sun Yat-sen, opposed communist
Mustafa Kemal (aka Ataturk)- Founder of modern Turkey. He abolished the Ottoman sultanate
Gavrilo Princip- Serbian nationalist who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Weimar Republic- Germany’s democratic government after WWI
Balfour Declaration- British statement supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine,
Massacre at Amritsar- British troops killed hundreds of nonviolent Indian protesters
March First Movement (Korea)- Korean nationalist protest against Japanese colonial rule
May Fourth Movement (China)- Student-led protest on imperialist treaties and foreign domination, inspired Chinese nationalism
Manchukuo- A puppet state established by Japan in Manchuria
Keynesian Economics- advocating gov. spending to stimulate the economy during Great Depression.
Politburo- top decision-making body in Communist parties
“Aryan”- pseudoscientific racial term used by Nazis to describe a supposed “master race”
Anchluss- annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany
Neville Chamberlain & the Munich Agreement- British Prime Minister who gave Sudetenland to Hitler
Mussolini- Fascist dictator of Italy, allied with hitler
Luftwaffe- German Air Force
Vichy France- puppet government set up by Natzis
Douglas MacArthur- US general, oversaw post war reconstruction in Japan and played a key role in the Pacific theater during World War II.
Holodomor- man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine, caused by stalin’s forced collectivization
Rwandan Genocide- Hutu majority killed minority Tutsis
Darfur- conflict in western Sudan where gov committed mass killings, displacement and rape against non-Arab populations
Tehran Conference- first major WW11 meeting, big 3 opened a second front in Europe
Yalta Conference- Allies planned postwar Europe, dividing germany, and establishing united nations
Potsdam conference- final meeting of big three, hinted at atomic bomb
Sukarno (Indonesia)- led Indonesia to independence against the butch, non-alighned movement
Nkrumah (Ghana)- leader of Ghanas independence movement from British rule, pan-africanism and non-alighned movement
Nehru (India)- Indias first prime minister, industrialization, non-alighned
Biafran Civil War- conflict in nigeria where the Igbo people attempted to secede and form Biafra, died from starvation
“Quiet” or “Silent” Revolution (Quebec)- peaceful political and social reform in quebec, secularism and nationalism
Ho Chi Minh- communist revolutionary who lead Vietnam’s fight for independence against French colonial rule and later unified the country under communist control.
Contra War (Nicragua)- U.S. funded anti-communist rebels against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua
Khruschev- soviet leader, de-stalinization, Cuban missile crisis and space race
Red Guards- Chinese youth brigades that played a crucial role during the Cultural Revolution, advocating Maoist ideology and targeting perceived enemies of the state.
White Revolution (the Shah - Iran)- modernizing and secularizing reforms by the Shah of Iran
Iranian Revolution (Ayatollah Khomeini)- overthrew the shah and replaced him, created an Islamic theocracy
Benazir Bhutto- first female prime minister of pakistan
Six-Day War & Yom Kippur War- conflicts between Isreal and Arab states, middle east tensions
Camp David Accords- peace agreement between Egypt and Isreal
Fatah- moderate faction within the PLO, West Bank
Hamas- Islamist militant group the controls Gaza, clashed with Fatah
Khmer Rouge (Pol Pot)- a brutal regime in Cambodia, known for its radical communist policies and human rights abuses, leading to the genocide of approximately 1.7 million people.
Prague Spring- a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during 1968, when efforts to create a more democratic political system were met with a military invasion by the Soviet Union.
Brezhnev Doctrine- a Soviet foreign policy principle established by Leonid Brezhnev, which justified intervention in other socialist countries to maintain communist rule and prevent the spread of capitalism.
1968 Protests (worldwide)- a series of demonstrations and uprisings across various countries, including France and the United States, fueled by demands for civil rights, anti-war sentiments, and greater social freedoms.
IRA vs. Ulster Defence Association (Northern Ireland)- a loyalist paramilitary group formed in 1971, aimed at opposing the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and maintaining Northern Ireland's status as part of the United Kingdom.
Basque Separatists- a collection of nationalist groups in Spain and France advocating for independence of the Basque Country, often using political actions and sometimes violence to achieve their goals.
Shining Path (Peru)- a communist guerrilla group founded in the late 1960s, known for its violent insurgency aimed at overthrowing the Peruvian government and establishing a Marxist-Leninist regime.
Franco (Spain)- a military general who ruled Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975, known for establishing a fascist dictatorship and suppressing regional identities, particularly during and after the Spanish Civil War.
Idi Amin (Uganda)- a military officer who served as the President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979, notorious for his brutal regime characterized by human rights abuses, ethnic cleansing, and the expulsion of Asian communities from the country.
détente- a term used to describe the period of relaxed tensions and improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War, particularly in the 1970s, marked by various arms control agreements and diplomatic engagements.
SALT- Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, a series of negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union aimed at curbing the arms race, resulting in agreements to limit the production of nuclear weapons.
SDI (“Star Wars”)- a strategic defense initiative proposed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in the 1980s, aimed at developing a missile defense system to protect the United States from potential nuclear missile attacks, which sparked significant controversy and criticism during the Cold War.
Mikhail Gorbachev- the last Secretary of the Soviet Union, glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring), which aimed to reform the Soviet economy and political system but ultimately contributed to the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.
Perestroika- restructuring
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Kyoto Protocol & Paris Agreement- international treaties aimed at combating climate change through binding emissions reduction targets and collaborative efforts among nations.
Deng Xiaoping- Chinese leader who initiated significant economic reforms in the late 20th century, transforming China's economy and opening it to foreign investment.
Tiananmen Square protests & massacre- pro-democracy demonstrations that occurred in Beijing in 1989, which led to a violent crackdown by the Chinese government resulting in numerous casualties.
Asian Tigers- referring to the highly developed economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan that experienced rapid industrialization and high growth rates between the 1960s and 1990s.
UNICEF-
Negritude Movement
Desmond Tutu
pariah state
F.W. de Klerk
Uighur Muslims in China
Brexit-