Spanish Grammar and Literature Review
Study Guide on Subjunctive, Commands, Future Tense, and Literary Analysis
B. Subjunctive Trigger Pattern
Key Components:
Mandatos (Commands)
Subjunctive Mood
Future Tense
Vocabulary (especially pertaining to "car" + readings)
Culture/Literature (Focus on "El Eclipse" and "La casa en Mango Street")
1. Grammar Review and Mini Practice
A. Commands Types and Rules
Tú Commands:
Affirmative: Use 3rd person singular of present indicative
Example: "Habla con tu madre." (Speak with your mother.)
Negative: Use subjunctive "tú" form
Example: "No hables con ellos." (Don't talk with them.)
Usted Commands:
Affirmative: Use subjunctive "usted" form
Example: "Hable más despacio." (Speak more slowly.)
Ustedes Commands:
Affirmative: Use subjunctive "ustedes" form
Example: "Hablen más despacio." (Speak more slowly, you all.)
Irregular Tú Affirmatives:
Ven (venir)
Di (decir)
Sal (salir)
Haz (hacer)
Ten (tener)
Ve (ir)
Pon (poner)
Sé (ser)
Practice Exercise: Fill the Blank
(tú) haz la tarea. (hacer)
(usted) No llegue___ tarde. (llegar)
(ustedes) apaguen___ la luz, por favor. (apagar)
(tú) No hables_ en clase. (hablar)
(tú) di_ la verdad. (decir)
Pattern for Subjunctive:
Indicator + que + Subjunctive
Example: "Quiero que tú vengas." (I want you to come.)
Examples:
"Es importante que ellos estudien." (It’s important that they study.)
"Dudo que ella tenga tiempo." (I doubt that she has time.)
Practice Sentences: Choose Correct Form
Es bueno que tú estudies____ (estudiar).
Quiero que ustedes vengan__ (venir) temprano.
Es malo que ella no coma____ (comer).
Ellos esperan que nosotros tengamos__ (tener) tiempo.
No creo que tú seas (ser) honesto.
B. Future Tense Overview
Formula: Infinitive + ending
Endings: é, ás, á, emos, án
Irregular Stems for Future:
tener →
decir →
hacer →
poder →
salir →
venir →
querer →
saber →
Practice Translations
I will study tomorrow. → Yo estudiaré__ mañana. (estudiar)
They will go to Spain. → Ellos iran__ a España. (ir)
We will have a car. → Nosotros tendremos____ un coche. (tener)
2. Reading Review (Culture/Literature)
El Eclipse by Augusto Monterroso
Key Facts:
Author: Augusto Monterroso (from Honduras, lived in Guatemala/Mexico)
Genre: Microcuento (very short story, characterized by irony)
Setting: Guatemalan jungle
Main Character: Fray Bartolomé Arrazola (Spanish missionary)
Themes:
Cultural arrogance and the underestimation of indigenous knowledge.
Plot Summary:
Fray Bartolomé finds himself lost in the jungle.
He is captured by Mayan people who intend to sacrifice him.
He attempts to save himself through a prediction of an eclipse, believing it would shock the Mayans.
The irony unfolds as the Mayans already possessed knowledge of the eclipse due to their advanced astronomical skills.
Ultimately, he is sacrificed regardless.
Possible Questions and Answers:
¿Dónde estaba fray Bartolomé? → En la selva de Guatemala.
¿Qué pensaba que le iba a pasar? → Que lo iban a sacrificar.
¿De dónde era fray Bartolomé? → De España.
¿Qué recordó? → Que habría un eclipse ese día.
¿Qué les dijo a los indígenas? → Que si lo mataban, oscurecería el sol.
¿Por qué no se salvó? → Porque los mayas ya conocían los eclipses.
La casa en Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros
Key Facts:
Author: Sandra Cisneros
Nationality: Chicana (Mexican-American)
Translator: Elena Poniatowska
Main Character: Esperanza
Setting: Chicago, in La Villita neighborhood
Themes:
Dreaming, identity, and disappointment in immigrant life.
Plot Summary:
Esperanza’s family moves frequently and eventually ends up at Mango Street.
This home is their first owned property, yet it is small, old, and does not meet their expectations.
Esperanza yearns for a “real” home.
A nun's comment about their apartment leaves Esperanza feeling ashamed, crawling her desire for a better future home.
Possible Questions and Answers:
¿Cómo se llama la protagonista? → Esperanza.
¿Por qué se mudó la familia a Mango Street? → Porque los tubos del agua se rompieron en Loomis y el casero no los reparó.
¿Por qué no le gusta la casa nueva? → Es pequeña, vieja y diferente a la que soñaban.
¿Quién tradujo el texto? → Elena Poniatowska.
¿Qué quiere Esperanza para el futuro? → Tener una casa bonita y digna.
3. Vocabulary Focus
From “La casa en Mango Street”:
el casero – landlord
el departamento – apartment
las escaleras – stairs
el pasto – lawn
el piso – floor/level
el sótano – basement
los tubos – pipes
la monja – nun
From “El Eclipse”:
la selva – jungle
sacrificar – to sacrifice
el fraile – friar/monk
el desdén – disdain
digno – worthy
la civilización – civilization
despreciar – to look down on
4. Practice Section
Translation or Conjugation Exercises
Don’t talk in class. (ustedes)
Study for the exam! (tú)
I hope that you study.
We will visit Guatemala.
She will be happy.
It’s important that you tell the truth.
Where was Fray Bartolomé from?
Why didn’t the Mayas believe him?
What did Esperanza dream of having?
Who translated La casa en Mango Street?