anatomy

📚 Introduction to Anatomy – Detailed Notes

1⃣ Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

By the end of the session, you should be able to:

1. Describe using anatomical terminology:
   

   • The anatomical position

   • Terms of direction and relation

   • Movement in relation to axes and planes

2. Identify the classification of bones

3. Identify and describe specific bony surface features

2⃣ Skeletal System

The skeleton is divided into two main parts:

🔹 Axial Skeleton

Forms the central axis of the body.

Includes:

• Skull (cranium)

• Vertebral column

• Ribs

• Sternum

🔹 Appendicular Skeleton

Attached to the axial skeleton.

Includes:

• Upper limbs

• Lower limbs

3⃣ Anatomical Position

The anatomical position is the standard reference position used to describe body structures.

Body Position:

• Standing upright

• Feet together

• Arms by the side

• Face looking forward

• Neutral facial expression

• Mouth closed

Hand Position:

• Palms facing forward

• Fingers straight and together

• Thumb rotated 90° outward (pads facing forward)

Feet:

• Toes pointing forward

⚠ All anatomical descriptions assume the body is in this position.

4⃣ Anatomical Terminology (Directional Terms)

These terms describe position relative to other structures.

5⃣ Anatomical Planes

Planes are imaginary flat surfaces dividing the body.

🔹 Sagittal Plane

• Divides body into right and left

• Runs front to back

• Median (mid-sagittal) plane divides into equal halves

🔹 Frontal (Coronal) Plane

• Divides body into anterior and posterior

• Runs side to side

🔹 Transverse (Horizontal/Axial) Plane

• Divides body into superior and inferior

• Runs horizontally

6⃣ Axes and Planes of Movement

Definitions:

• Plane of movement: Imaginary surface movement occurs in.

• Axis of movement: Imaginary line around which movement occurs.

• Axis and plane are always at right angles (90°) to each other.

7⃣ Terms of Movement

🔹 Flexion / Extension

• Occur in sagittal plane

• Around frontal axis

Flexion = decreases joint angle

Extension = increases joint angle

🔹 Abduction / Adduction

• Occur in frontal plane

• Around sagittal axis

Abduction = away from midline

Adduction = toward midline

🔹 Medial & Lateral Rotation

• Occur in transverse plane

• Around vertical axis

Medial rotation = toward midline

Lateral rotation = away from midline

8⃣ Specific Joint Movements

🔹 Foot & Ankle

• Dorsiflexion

• Plantarflexion

• Inversion

• Eversion

🔹 Forearm, Wrist & Hand

• Pronation

• Supination

• Ulnar deviation

• Radial deviation

• Opposition

🔹 Additional Movements

• Protraction (forward movement)

• Retraction (backward movement)

• Elevation (move upward)

• Depression (move downward)

9⃣ Bone Structure

Bone is:

• Living connective tissue

• Calcified matrix

• Contains collagen fibres

• Contains bone cells within matrix

🔹 Functions of Bone

• Support body structure

• Protect vital organs

• Store calcium & phosphorus

• Act as levers for movement

• Produce blood cells (bone marrow)

🔟 Classification of Bones (By Shape)

🔹 Long Bones

• Tubular

• Provide strength & mobility

• Found in limbs

• Examples: Humerus, Femur

🔹 Short Bones

• Cuboidal

• Equal length and width

• Provide stability

• Example: Wrist & ankle bones

🔹 Flat Bones

• Two compact layers with spongy bone between

• Protection & muscle attachment

• Example: Skull bones

🔹 Irregular Bones

• Complex shapes

• Protection & muscle attachment

• Example: Vertebrae, facial bones

🔹 Sesamoid Bones

• Embedded in tendons

• Improve mechanical efficiency

• Largest example: Patella

• Act like pulleys

1⃣1⃣ Surface Features of Bones (Bony Landmarks)

These are projections or depressions for articulation or muscle attachment.

Projections / Processes:

• Spine

• Head

• Neck

• Condyle

• Epicondyle

• Tubercle

• Tuberosity

• Trochanter

• Crest

• Line

• Process

• Angle

• Ramus

• Malleolus

Depressions / Openings:

• Foramen (hole)

• Fossa (shallow depression)

• Fovea (small pit)

• Sulcus / Groove

• Facet

• Border

• Surface

5⃣ Surface Features of Bones

🔹 Articular & Joint Features