Questions to answer and describe

What were the effects of the Reformation on Europe during the 1500s?

1. Strengthened state authority over religious authority

2. End of religious unity in Europe

3. Spread of Education  (Literacy spreading of religious ideas through reading/writing)

4. Strengthening of European Middle Class (Protestantism emphasized hard work, upright living, responsibility)

2)  How did religious conflicts play a role in Europe during the Reformation and post-reformation time periods?

Religious conflict fuel wars and political instability throughout Europe during and after the reformation, shaping national identities and power dynamics.

3)  How can we relate the overarching ideas and themes of each civilization that we have studied to one another?  

Comparing beliefs, social structures, technological advancements, can identify common things, and their approaches to different situations.

4)  What did the “Peace of Augsburg” accomplish?

Officially ended religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire, which gave the rulers the right to choose their territory's religion. 

5)  Which countries were primarily responsible for exploration?  What areas of the world were explored by each of the “exploration” countries?

Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands. They colonized send traded across the Americas, Africa, Asia. 

6)  What was the Peace of Westphalia?

Ended 30 year’s war and 8 year war, redrawing and establishing European political boundaries.

7)  What were the causes of the Thirty Years War?  

Religious tensions between Catholics and Protestants, struggles for power, dynastic rivalries.

8)  Why was the Italian Renaissance considered a “Rebirth”? 

Renewed interest in classical art, literature, and philosophy, marking a transition from the medieval time period to a new era of intellectual and artistic capabilities.

9)  What was the impact of Martin Luther on the reformation time period, and the future of Europe? 

His ideas sparked the protestant reformation, challenging the Catholic Church’s authority and leading to religious wars, and lasting changes in European religion. 

10)  How did exploration of the “New World” help spread the ideas of the Renaissance?  How did the ideas of the Renaissance spread throughout Europe?

As they explored new lands and began trading, they took their culture and intellectual advancements of the renaissance. In Europe ideas spread  through the printing press, patronage, academics, and art.

11)  Explain the significance of the Enlightenment period.

It emphasized reason, individualism, and human rights which all impacted political thoughts, scientific advancements, and social reforms.

12)  Compare and contrast the ideas behind Hobbes’ & Locke’s views on government & natural rights.

Hobbes - strong centralized government to maintain order, believed humans were naturally selfish and violent. Said it would be terrible if we didn’t have a government, so we need a powerful one.

Locke - individual rights, limited government, emphasized natural rights and consent of the governed. Believed humans had reason and were capable of being self-governed.

13)  Explain the role of religious institutions during the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution, especially compared to other time periods we have studied. 

using these eras, the role of religious institutions diminished as reason and scientific inquiry started to be brought up. It contrasted from other eras where religious authority has a greater sway.

14)  How did (with examples including Newton, Galileo, etc.) new discoveries, some even with the goal of supporting religion, help to create a more secular outlook?

Because it went against what’s said in the Bible, and what’s taught in church.

15)  Explain, as well as compare and contrast all governments that have been studied this year. 

Monarchy’s were in England, usually having a king or queen in charge. The power must be inherited or through marriage. Democratic governments where people have a say and vote to elect a leader. Dictatorship where there is one leader, he has absolute power, and the citizens have no say, same for monarchy. Democracy’s are different from others because they involve the citizens more than any other form of government. They are all similar because they all have one head leader to keep order.

16)  What area of the modern world were the Ming & Qing dynasties located?

China, East Asia.

17)  What reforms did Hongwu make in China?   What civilizations did he erase from China’s past?

Hongwu: restore agricultural lands, erase all traces of Mongol past, and promote China’s power and prosperity

18) What was the importance of literacy in the Ming government?

Civil Service Examinations (tests based on Confucian beliefs in order to get high civil office jobs), to stay cultured and intellectual

19) Why did China withdraw to isolationism?  What were the two dominant exports of China?  Who were their biggest trade partners (though illegal to do so)?

Trade flourished, and the demand for Chinese goods had affected the economy (silk and porcelain), and European merchants

20) Chinese economic policies favored what industry?

Agriculture: taxes stayed low

21) What was the dominant religion of the Ming dynasty?

Confucianism

22) How did Ming religions (Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism) become involved in politics?

Officials had Daoists priests perform rituals at the imperial court and for common people, Daoists priests composed official hymns, Jesuit missionaries blended into Chinese society (musicians, astronomers, cartographers)

23) Reasons failure of Ming Dynasty:

1. Ineffective rulers

2. Corrupt officials

3. Government broke $

4. High taxes & bad harvests caused starvation & rebellion

24) How did the Qing dynasty come to power?  Where did they expand power to?

Manchus invaded China, Ming Dynasty collapsed, seized Beijing, and Manchus leader became new leader, Taiwan, Chinese Central Asia, Mongolia, Tibet

25) How did the Manchus handle Confucianism & Ming social structures?

Upheld China's traditional Confucian beliefs and social structures; made country's frontiers safe and restored China's prosperity

26) How did Qian-long influence China under the Qing Dynasty?

Reached its greatest size and prosperity; rose at dawn to work on empire's problems: armed nomads on its borders and expanding presence of European missionaries and merchants in China

27) Why were the Dutch able to trade with the Qing when the British were not?

Dutch: accepted China's restrictions, paid tribute, performed "kowtow" ritual. British: did not accept restrictions

28) What challenges did explorers face on their expeditions, foods they ate, etc?  What was life like for a sailor aboard a ship?

Explorers faced bad weather, disease, starvation, and unfamiliar lands. Sailors faced cramped places, poor sanitation, and lack of vitamins / strength. Also got very bored, so many rebelled.

29) What resources did explorers search for and/or found from the following continents:

1. India - Spices 

2. South & North America - Gold, silver, lad

3. Africa - Slaves

30) Columbus:

1. Why was he arrested? Accusations of cruelty and mismanagement. 

2. How did he treat the indigenous populations? Brutally, badly.

3. What were his contributions to European exploration?  Opened trade routes and initiated colonization.

4. What nation sponsored his explorations? Spain

5. Which indigenous population did he sell into slavery and almost cause the extinction of? Taino 

6. What modern day nations are the original settlements of Columbus located? Parts of the Caribbean, central and South America.

31) How did the explorers of the following countries change the “New World”?

1. Portugal - Brazil

2. Spain - Central and South America 

3. France - Canada 

4. England - Eastern coast of North America

32) Economics and the “New World”:

1. How did exploration create new trading opportunities for all European nations? New markets, resources, and opportunities.

2. What was the significance of the Columbian Exchange? Global exchange of plants, animals, and disease.

3. How did England and other nations contribute to the expansion of slavery? Increased demand for labor.

4. Name goods that went from Europe to the New World: Manufactured goods.

5.  Name good that went from the New World to Europe: Raw materials

6. Explain mercantilism. Economic system emphasizing national wealth throughout trade.

33) How did the Netherlands erode Portugal’s strength in Africa and the Indian Ocean?

Establishing trade posts and competing for resources.

34) How did the conquistadors defeat both the Incas & the Aztecs? What effects did they have on the indigenous populations?

Superior weaponry and disease. They affected their population number (decline), and cultural disruption.

35) What was the encomienda system and how did it affect the indigenous populations under Spanish rule?  What jobs were American natives forced to work under the Spanish and Portuguese?

Forced labor systems - explosion and death. Mining, agriculture, construction,  and domestic services. It took away their culture. 

36) How did exploration affect the population levels of indigenous populations around North and South America?  Be able to provide examples.

Dramatic decrease due to disease, warfare, and enslavement. Examples include the Taino in the Caribbean and the Incas in South America.

37) Explain whether or not the interactions between indigenous people and the European explorers were positive or negative, and why. (Culture, trade, labor, populations, religion, etc.)

Largely negative. They brought disease with them, they exploited them and didn’t treat them like they were humans as shown in their labor systems. Europeans claimed and settled on their land, which displaced natives and loss of their culture. The population declined, but some people married and alliances were formed, creating mixed communities. They would also sometimes trade which benefited both at times.

38) How did exploration help contribute to the expansion of slavery around the world?

-Demand for labor, plantations, mines, housework.

-Translantic slave trade

-economics, crops like sugar, tobacco, cotton, gold, all needed labor workers for it.

-Global networks, exchange of goods, people, and ideas, included slavery.

39) How did nations use Africa to help them sail to India?

Nations would stop at ports in Africa to restock on supplies and possibly trade with the people at the ports.

40) Explain the moral, political, and economic challenges involved with exploration.  What role did religion play in exploration?

Moral challenges bc of the treatment of indigenous populations. Political challenges bc of the competition for territory. Economic questions, dependent and inequalities. Motivation for exploration, justification for colonization, support from religious institutions, conflict.