Main Topics Dev Psychology

Prenatal Physical Development

  1. Germinal Stage (1-2 weeks)

  2. Embryonic Stage (3-8 weeks)

  3. Fetal Stage (9-40 weeks)

    Prenatal Influences

    Prenatal care during pregnancy to monitor health,

    Teratogen: Environmental agents that damage developing fetus

    Critical Period: Time during fetus organ development

Physical Development Adolescence

    1. Primary Sexual Characteristics

        Development of body structures that make sexual reproduction possible.

        Adrenarche and Gonadarche, Spermarche and Menarche

    2. Secondary Sexual Characteristics

        Non-reproductive sexual characteristics that develop during puberty such as larger             breasts

 Physical Development Adults

    After 20 years we begin to deteriorate

    Menopause: When woman stop releasing eggs

    Kubler Ross’ 5 Stages before death

Psychosexual Theory of Development - Freud

    We go through many stages of life where our libido is focused in different areas if external forces interfere with a stage we can become fixated on the stage.

  1. Oral: Baby puts stuff in their mouth

  2. Anal: When baby is being toilet trained, success can affect the following.

    1. Anal Expulsive Character: Messy, disorganized, careless, defiant.

    2. Anal Retentive Character: Neat, precise, orderly.

  3. Phallic: When a child first realizes their gender, Libido focused on discover

    1. Oedipus Complex: Son develop sexual feelings for mother, Companionate love.

    2. Electra Complex: Daughter develops feelings for father

    3. Children have hateful feelings for same sex parent

  4. Latency: Develop need to hang around others of their same sex.

  5. Genital: Focused on sex

Psycho Social Theory of Development - Erik Erikson

  1. Trust vs Mistrust: Virtue: faith, Maladaptation: sensory distortion, Malignancy: withdrawal

  2. Autonomy vs Shame and doubt. Virtue: Will, Determination. Maladaptation: Impulsivity. Malignancy: Compulsion

  3. Initiative vs Guilt Virtue: Purpose, Courage Maladaptation: Ruthlessness Malignancy: Inhibition

  4. Industry vs Inferiority Virtue: Competence Maladaptation: Narrow Virtuosity Malignancy: Inertia

  5. Ego-Identity vs role-confusion: Virtue: Fidelity, Loyalty. Maladaptation: Fanaticism Malignancy: repudiation

  6. Intimacy vs Isolation Virtue: Love Maladaptation: Promiscuity Malignancy: Exclusivity

  7. Generativity vs stagnation Virtue: Care Maladaptation: Overextension Malignancy: rejectivity

  8. Integrity vs despair Virtue: Wisdom Maladaptation: Presumption Malignancy: Despair

Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development

    Assimilation: Incorporating new ideas into an existing schema

    Accommodation: Change of schema to fit new ideas

  1. Sensorimotor

    1. Development of Object Permeance

    2. Explore world through their senses

  2. Preoperational

    1. Start using symbols to represent real life objects. Speech

    2. Ego Centrism

    3. Conservation: Does not understand the concept of conservation

  3. Concrete Operational

    1. Develops the laws of conservation

    2. Understand logic and can form logic statements

    3. No abstract thoughts

  4. Formal Operational

    1. Metacognition: We can learn to think about the way we think

    2. Ability to think abstractly

Information Processing Model

    We increase out ability to learn gradually over time. Attention span increases.

Kohlberg’s Stages of Morality

    Reasoning behind our morality changes throughout our life tie

    Preconventional Morality

        Morality is linked to receiving reward and avoiding punishment

    Conventional Morality

         Based on how someone believes they will be viewed for an action.

    Post Conventional Morality

           Rely on universal ethical principle to make decisions

    Critique of Kohlberg by Carol Gilligan

           Kohlberg focused on mainly boys in his study’s and Gilligan claims boys and girls                 develop morality differently.

Social Learning Theory

    We copy what we see or hear, if we are rewarded we continue that behavior.

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model

  1. Microsystem

  2. Mesosystem

  3. Exosystem

  4. Macrosystem

  5. Chronosystem

Infant Reflexes

  1. Rooting Reflex

  2. Sucking Reflex

  3. Grasping Reflex

  4. Moro Reflex

  5. Babinski Reflex

The 5 stages before dying

  1. Denial

  2. Anger

  3. Bargaining

  4. Depression

  5. Acceptance

James Marcia 4 Identity Statuses

  • Crisis: Exploration of different identities

  • Commitment

  1. Identity Diffusion

  2. Foreclosure

  3. A Moratorium

  4. Identity Achievement

Parenting Styles

  • Authoritarian

         Strict Standards and rule for the child, punishment if rules are broken. Obedience over                 rational.

  • Authoritative

           Consistent standards but rules are reasonable and explained. Praise and punish                 equally. Promotes independence and freedom without rule breaking.

  • Permissive

            No clear guidelines, unpredictable parenting

  • Uninvolved / Neglectful

            Pay little attention to child’s needs. Just enough to not get CPS called.

Harry Harlow Contact Comfort

  • Physical Contact is important for development shown through Harlow’s experiment with monkeys contact allowed monkey to build attachment

  • Touch is necessary for higher level mammals

  • In orphanages where children had contact comfort tested higher on an IQ test then those who did not have contact comfort

Mary Ainsworth (Stranger Paradigm)

Created an experiment on the different type of attachment styles by having children and their parents in the same room. Once the parents left she would observe how behavior changed in the infants.

    1. Secure Attachment

        Toddler prefers parents over stranger

    2. Anxious-Avoidant Attachment

        Unresponsive to parent, does not provide a secure base

    3. Anxious-Ambivalent

        Clingy behavior but reject attachment figure’s attempt to interact with them

Emotional Reactivity

  1. Intensity of Response

  2. Speed of Response

  3. Ease of calming

Terms

Cross-Sectional Study: Examines many people at different ages to draw conclusions to compare variables may change over time

Longitudinal Study: Examines the same group of people over a long period of time

Teratogen

Critical Period

Maturation: Our physical development despite environmental factors around us