Science 10 Final Exam Cram Sheet Summary
BIOLOGY SUMMARY
- Cell Theory:
- All organisms are made of cells.
- Cells are the basic units of life.
- Cells come from pre-existing cells.
- Key People in Cell Biology:
- Hooke: Named cells.
- van Leeuwenhoek: First to observe microbes.
- Brown: Discovered the nucleus.
- Schleiden and Schwann: Determined that plants and animals are made of cells.
- Virchow: Proposed that cells arise from pre-existing cells.
- Microscope Magnification:
- Total magnification is calculated as: Total\ magnification = Eyepiece\ magnification \times Objective\ magnification
- The field of view decreases as magnification increases.
- Organelles and Their Functions:
- Nucleus: Control center of the cell.
- Mitochondria: Responsible for energy production.
- Ribosome: Site of protein synthesis.
- Golgi Apparatus: Involved in shipping and packaging of proteins and lipids.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Transports materials within the cell.
- Lysosome: Digests cellular waste and debris.
- Vacuole: Storage of water, nutrients, and waste.
- Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis in plant cells.
- Cell Wall: Provides structure and support to plant cells.
- Surface Area to Volume Ratio:
- A high surface area to volume ratio is more efficient for diffusion.
- Small cells are more efficient due to the higher surface area to volume ratio.
- Transport Mechanisms:
- Diffusion: Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
- Osmosis: Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
- Facilitated Diffusion: Movement of molecules across a membrane via transport proteins.
- Active Transport: Movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, requiring energy.
- Endocytosis and Exocytosis: Transport of large molecules into and out of the cell via vesicles.
- Plant Cells:
- Palisade Cells: Specialized for photosynthesis.
- Spongy Cells: Facilitate gas exchange.
- Guard Cells: Control the opening and closing of stomata.
- Xylem: Transports water in plants.
- Phloem: Transports sugar in plants.
- Lenticels and Root Hairs: Involved in gas exchange and water absorption, respectively.
- Tropisms:
- Phototropism: Response to light.
- Gravitropism: Response to gravity.
- Thigmotropism: Response to touch.
- Photosynthesis Equation:
- 6CO2 + 6H2O \rightarrow C6H{12}O6 + 6O2
- Respiration Equation:
- C6H{12}O6 + 6O2 \rightarrow 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
PHYSICS SUMMARY
- Key Formulas:
- Distance, Velocity, and Time: d = vt, v = \frac{d}{t}
- Acceleration: a = \frac{vf - vi}{t}
- Force: F = ma
- Kinetic Energy: E_k = 0.5mv^2
- Potential Energy: E_p = mgh
- Efficiency: Efficiency = \frac{Useful\ output}{Total\ input} \times 100
- Motion Graphs:
- Velocity vs. Time graphs: The slope represents acceleration.
- Energy Types:
- Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion.
- Potential Energy: Energy of position.
- Total Energy: Total = Ek + Ep
- Efficiency:
- Efficiency is always less than 100% due to energy loss from friction or heat.
CHEMISTRY SUMMARY
- Naming Compounds:
- Ionic Compounds: Metal + Nonmetal.
- Covalent Compounds: Use prefixes like mono-, di-, tri-, etc.
- Balancing Equations:
- The number of atoms of each element must be the same on both sides of the equation.
- Adjust coefficients only.
- Reaction Types:
- Synthesis: A + B \rightarrow AB
- Decomposition: AB \rightarrow A + B
- Single Replacement.
- Double Replacement.
- Combustion.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SUMMARY
- Energy Transfer:
- Conduction: Transfer through contact.
- Convection: Transfer through fluid movement.
- Radiation: Transfer through waves.
- Specific Heat:
- Water has a high specific heat capacity: 4.19 \frac{J}{g \cdot ^\circ C}
- High specific heat of water slows down climate change.
- Heat Equations:
- Heat Transfer: Q = mc\Delta T
- Heat of Fusion: 334 \frac{J}{g}
- Heat of Vaporization: 2260 \frac{J}{g}
- Biomes:
- Tundra.
- Boreal Forest.
- Grassland.
- Deciduous Forest.
- Use climographs to analyze biomes.
- Energy Flow:
- 10% Rule: Only about 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level.