Science 10 Final Exam Cram Sheet Summary

BIOLOGY SUMMARY

• Cell Theory:
  • All organisms are made of cells.
  • Cells are the basic units of life.
  • Cells come from pre-existing cells.
• Key People in Cell Biology:
  • Hooke: Named cells.
  • van Leeuwenhoek: First to observe microbes.
  • Brown: Discovered the nucleus.
  • Schleiden and Schwann: Determined that plants and animals are made of cells.
  • Virchow: Proposed that cells arise from pre-existing cells.
• Microscope Magnification:
  • Total magnification is calculated as: Total\ magnification = Eyepiece\ magnification \times Objective\ magnification
  • The field of view decreases as magnification increases.
• Organelles and Their Functions:
  • Nucleus: Control center of the cell.
  • Mitochondria: Responsible for energy production.
  • Ribosome: Site of protein synthesis.
  • Golgi Apparatus: Involved in shipping and packaging of proteins and lipids.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Transports materials within the cell.
  • Lysosome: Digests cellular waste and debris.
  • Vacuole: Storage of water, nutrients, and waste.
  • Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis in plant cells.
  • Cell Wall: Provides structure and support to plant cells.
• Surface Area to Volume Ratio:
  • A high surface area to volume ratio is more efficient for diffusion.
  • Small cells are more efficient due to the higher surface area to volume ratio.
• Transport Mechanisms:
  • Diffusion: Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
  • Osmosis: Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
  • Facilitated Diffusion: Movement of molecules across a membrane via transport proteins.
  • Active Transport: Movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, requiring energy.
  • Endocytosis and Exocytosis: Transport of large molecules into and out of the cell via vesicles.
• Plant Cells:
  • Palisade Cells: Specialized for photosynthesis.
  • Spongy Cells: Facilitate gas exchange.
  • Guard Cells: Control the opening and closing of stomata.
  • Xylem: Transports water in plants.
  • Phloem: Transports sugar in plants.
  • Lenticels and Root Hairs: Involved in gas exchange and water absorption, respectively.
• Tropisms:
  • Phototropism: Response to light.
  • Gravitropism: Response to gravity.
  • Thigmotropism: Response to touch.
• Photosynthesis Equation:
  • 6CO2 + 6H2O \rightarrow C6H{12}O6 + 6O2
• Respiration Equation:
  • C6H{12}O6 + 6O2 \rightarrow 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

PHYSICS SUMMARY

• Key Formulas:
  • Distance, Velocity, and Time: d = vt, v = \frac{d}{t}
  • Acceleration: a = \frac{vf - vi}{t}
  • Force: F = ma
  • Kinetic Energy: E_k = 0.5mv^2
  • Potential Energy: E_p = mgh
  • Efficiency: Efficiency = \frac{Useful\ output}{Total\ input} \times 100
• Motion Graphs:
  • Velocity vs. Time graphs: The slope represents acceleration.
• Energy Types:
  • Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion.
  • Potential Energy: Energy of position.
  • Total Energy: Total = Ek + Ep
• Efficiency:
  • Efficiency is always less than 100% due to energy loss from friction or heat.

CHEMISTRY SUMMARY

• Naming Compounds:
  • Ionic Compounds: Metal + Nonmetal.
  • Covalent Compounds: Use prefixes like mono-, di-, tri-, etc.
• Balancing Equations:
  • The number of atoms of each element must be the same on both sides of the equation.
  • Adjust coefficients only.
• Reaction Types:
  • Synthesis: A + B \rightarrow AB
  • Decomposition: AB \rightarrow A + B
  • Single Replacement.
  • Double Replacement.
  • Combustion.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SUMMARY

• Energy Transfer:
  • Conduction: Transfer through contact.
  • Convection: Transfer through fluid movement.
  • Radiation: Transfer through waves.
• Specific Heat:
  • Water has a high specific heat capacity: 4.19 \frac{J}{g \cdot ^\circ C}
  • High specific heat of water slows down climate change.
• Heat Equations:
  • Heat Transfer: Q = mc\Delta T
  • Heat of Fusion: 334 \frac{J}{g}
  • Heat of Vaporization: 2260 \frac{J}{g}
• Biomes:
  • Tundra.
  • Boreal Forest.
  • Grassland.
  • Deciduous Forest.
  • Use climographs to analyze biomes.
• Energy Flow:
  • 10% Rule: Only about 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level.