SPA 111 & SPA 112 – Comprehensive Verb Study Guide

Lección 1 – "Ser" (TO BE)

• Ser = permanent/essential characteristics (“DOCTOR” – Description, Occupation, Character, Time/Date, Origin, Relationship)

  • Ej.: Yo soy estudiante. / Madrid es la capital.

• Present-tense endings for all regular –AR verbs (model for later lists)

  • \text{stem}+o,\ as,\ a,\ amos,\ áis,\ an

Lección 2 – Regular –AR Action Verbs & "Estar"

• Bailar – to dance

• Buscar – to look for ("buscar el libro")

• Caminar – to walk

• Comprar – to buy

• Contestar – to answer

• Conversar – to converse, chat

• Descansar – to rest

• Desear – to desire/wish/want

• Dibujar – to draw

• Enseñar – to teach; show

• Escuchar – to listen (a + obj.)

• Esperar – to hope; to wait ("esperar el bus")

• Estar – to be (temporary/location – “PLACE”)

• Estudiar – to study

• Explicar – to explain

• Hablar – to speak

• Llegar – to arrive

• Llevar – to bring; carry; wear

• Mirar – to watch/look at

• Necesitar – to need

• Practicar – to practice

• Preguntar – to ask (a question)

• Preparar – to prepare

• Regresar – to return/come back

• Terminar – to finish/end

• Tomar – to take; drink; ride ("tomar el autobús")

• Trabajar – to work

• Viajar – to travel

Grammar & usage connections

• "Ser" vs. "Estar" illustrated with Bailar & Estudiar: La fiesta es en la casa, pero los bailarines están en la pista.

Lección 3 – Regular –ER & –IR Verbs, Plus "Tener/Venir"

• Abrir – to open (–IR)

• Aprender – to learn ("aprender a + inf.")

• Asistir (a) – to attend

• Beber – to drink

• Comer – to eat

• Compartir – to share

• Comprender – to understand

• Correr – to run

• Creer – to believe

• Deber (+ inf.) – should/ought to; to owe

• Decidir – to decide

• Describir – to describe

• Escribir – to write

• Leer – to read

• Recibir – to receive

• Tener – to have (irregular yo = tengo; stem-change e\rightarrow ie except nosotros)

• Venir – to come (yo = vengo; e\rightarrow ie)

• Vivir – to live

Concept hook

• Regular –ER endings: \text{stem}+o,\ es,\ e,\ emos,\ éis,\ en

• Regular –IR endings: \text{stem}+o,\ es,\ e,\ imos,\ ís,\ en

Lección 4 – Stem-Changing & Other High-Frequency Verbs

Stem-change key: e\rightarrow ie | o\rightarrow ue | e\rightarrow i | u\rightarrow ue

• Cerrar – to close (e\rightarrow ie)

• Comenzar – to begin (e\rightarrow ie)

• Conseguir – to get/obtain (yo = consigo, e\rightarrow i)

• Dormir – to sleep (o\rightarrow ue)

• Empezar – to begin (e\rightarrow ie)

• Encontrar – to find (o\rightarrow ue)

• Entender – to understand (e\rightarrow ie)

• Hacer – to do/make (irregular yo = hago)

• Ir – to go (voy, vas…)

• Jugar – to play (a sport/game) (u\rightarrow ue)

• Mostrar – to show (o\rightarrow ue)

• Oír – to hear (oigo, oyes…)

• Pedir – to ask for/order (e\rightarrow i)

• Pensar – to think; plan (e\rightarrow ie)

• Perder – to lose; miss (e\rightarrow ie)

• Poder – to be able/can (o\rightarrow ue)

• Poner – to put/place (yo = pongo)

• Preferir – to prefer (e\rightarrow ie)

• Querer – to want/love (e\rightarrow ie)

• Recordar – to remember (o\rightarrow ue)

• Repetir – to repeat (e\rightarrow i)

• Salir – to leave/go out (yo = salgo)

• Seguir – to follow/continue (yo = sigo, e\rightarrow i)

• Suponer – to suppose (yo = supongo)

• Traer – to bring (yo = traigo)

• Ver – to see (yo = veo)

• Volver – to return (o\rightarrow ue)

Practical note

• Jugar + “a” + sport: Jugamos al fútbol.

Lección 5 – Vacaciones & El Tiempo

• Acampar – to camp

• Confirmar – to confirm (a reservation)

• Montar – to ride (a caballo/bike)

• Pasar – to pass through; spend (time)

• Pescar – to fish

• Sacar – to take out; take (photos)

• Llover – to rain (o\rightarrow ue; impersonal Llueve)

• Nevar – to snow (e\rightarrow ie; impersonal Nieva)

Lección 6 – De Compras (Shopping & Money)

• Costar – to cost (o\rightarrow ue)

• Gastar – to spend (money)

• Hacer juego con – to match (clothing)

• Ir de compras – to go shopping

• Llevar – to wear; carry

• Regatear – to bargain

• Usar – to use; wear

• Vender – to sell

• Acabar de + inf. – to have just …

• Dar – to give (yo = doy)

• Decir – to say/tell (yo = digo; e\rightarrow i)

• Prestar – to lend/loan

Connection

• "Acabar de“ expresses immediate past: Acabamos de comprar ropa.

Lección 7 – La Rutina Diaria (Reflexive & Gustar-Type)

Reflexive pattern: subject does & receives the action. Pronouns me,\ te,\ se,\ nos,\ os,\ se precede conjugated verb or attach to infinitive/gerund.

Daily routine verbs

• acordarse de (o\rightarrow ue) – to remember

• acostarse (o\rightarrow ue) – to go to bed

• afeitarse – to shave

• bañarse – to bathe

• cepillarse – to brush (teeth/hair)

• despedirse de (e\rightarrow i) – to say goodbye to

• despertarse (e\rightarrow ie) – to wake up

• dormirse (o\rightarrow ue) – to fall asleep

• ducharse – to shower

• enojarse con – to get angry with

• irse – to go away/leave (me voy)

• lavarse – to wash oneself

• levantarse – to get up

• llamarse – to be called (name)

• maquillarse – to put on makeup

• peinarse – to comb hair

• ponerse + ropa – to put on clothing (yo = me pongo)

• ponerse + adj. – to become (emotion) me pongo triste

• preocuparse por – to worry about

• probarse (o\rightarrow ue) – to try on

• quedarse – to stay; remain

• quitarse – to take off (clothing)

• sentarse (e\rightarrow ie) – to sit down

• sentirse (e\rightarrow ie) – to feel (emotion/health)

• vestirse (e\rightarrow i) – to get dressed

"Verbs like gustar" (use indirect object pronouns)

• aburrir – to bore

• encantar – to love (objects/activities)

• faltar – to lack; be missing

• fascinar – to fascinate

• gustar – to be pleasing to; to like

• importar – to matter; be important

• interesar – to interest

• molestar – to bother

• quedar – to fit; remain

Structure: \text{IOP} + verbo + sujeto ➜ Me gusta la música.

Lección 8 – La Comida & Los Verbos "Yo-Go/Irreg."

• Almorzar – to have lunch (o\rightarrow ue)

• Cenar – to have dinner

• Desayunar – to have breakfast

• Pedir – to order (e\rightarrow i)

• Probar – to taste/try (o\rightarrow ue)

• Recomendar – to recommend (e\rightarrow ie)

• Servir – to serve (e\rightarrow i)

• Conocer – to know/be acquainted with (yo = conozco)

• Conducir – to drive (yo = conduzco)

• Morir – to die (o\rightarrow ue)

• Ofrecer – to offer (yo = ofrezco)

• Parecer – to seem (yo = parezco)

• Saber – to know (facts/how) (yo = sé)

• Traducir – to translate (yo = traduzco)

Contrast Conocer vs. Saber:

• Saber + inf. for abilities, or facts: Sé nadar.

• Conocer people/places: Conozco a Ana.

Lección 9 – Fiestas & Relaciones

• Brindar – to toast (drink)

• Cambiar de – to change (clothes, opinion)

• Celebrar – to celebrate

• Cumplir años – to have a birthday / turn … years

• Dejar una propina – to leave a tip

• Divertirse (e\rightarrow ie) – to have fun

• Graduarse (de) – to graduate (from)

• Invitar – to invite

• Pagar la cuenta – to pay the bill

• Pasarlo bien/mal – to have a good/bad time

• Regalar – to give a gift

• Reírse (e\rightarrow i) – to laugh

• Relajarse – to relax

• Sonreír (e\rightarrow i) – to smile

• Sorprender – to surprise

• Casarse (con) – to get married (to)

• Comprometerse (con) – to get engaged (to)

• Divorciarse (de) – to divorce

• Enamorarse (de) – to fall in love (with)

• Llevarse bien/mal (con) – to get along well/badly (with)

• Odiar – to hate

• Salir (con) – to go out/date someone

• Separarse (de) – to separate (from)

• Tener una cita – to have a date/appointment

• Jubilarse – to retire (from work)

• Nacer – to be born

Life-cycle timeline example: Nacemos, nos criamos, nos graduamos, nos casamos, nos jubilamos.

Lección 10 – La Salud

• Caer – to fall; to drop (irreg. yo = caigo)

• Caerse – to fall down (reflexive)

• Dañar – to damage; break down

• Doler (o\rightarrow ue) – to hurt (works like gustar)

• Enfermarse – to get sick

• Estar enfermo/a – to be sick

• Estornudar – to sneeze

• Lastimarse (el pie) – to injure (one’s foot)

• Olvidar – to forget

• Poner una inyección – to give an injection

• Prohibir – to prohibit (accented í in some forms)

• Quedar – to be left behind (also “to stay”) – context health: Me quedé en casa.

• Recetar – to prescribe

• Romper – to break

• Romperse (la pierna) – to break one’s leg

• Sacar(se) una muela – to have a tooth pulled

• Ser alérgico/a (a) – to be allergic to

• Tener fiebre – to have a fever

• Tomar(le) la temperatura – to take someone’s temperature

• Torcerse (el tobillo) (o\rightarrow ue) – to sprain one’s ankle

• Toser – to cough

Medical office dialogue sample: ¿Qué le duele? – Me duele la cabeza y tengo fiebre.

Lección 11 – El Coche & La Tecnología

Transportation / Car maintenance

• Llenar el tanque – to fill the tank

• Arrancar – to start the engine

• Arreglar – to fix

• Bajar – to go down/descend

• Bajarse (de) – to get out/off

• Chocar con – to crash into

• Conducir – to drive (Spain)

• Manejar – to drive (L.Am.)

• Estacionar – to park

• Parar – to stop

• Revisar el aceite – to check the oil

• Subir – to go up

• Subirse (a) – to get into/on

Electronics / Communication

• Apagar – to turn off

• Funcionar – to work/function (machines)

• Llamar – to call

• Prender – to turn on (electronics)

• Poner – to turn on (also "to place") (yo = pongo)

• Sonar (o\rightarrow ue) – to ring/sound

• Navegar en Internet – to surf the Internet

Tech tip

• Difference between apagar vs poner/prender: Apaga la computadora, luego pon el teléfono en modo avión.

Consolidated Stem-Change Reference

• e\rightarrow ie : cerrar, comenzar, empezar, entender, pensar, perder, preferir, querer, sentarse, sentirse, divertirse, recomendar, etc.

• o\rightarrow ue : dormir, encontrar, mostrar, poder, recordar, volver, almorzar, costar, probar, llover, nevar, morir, torcerse, sonar.

• e\rightarrow i : conseguir, pedir, repetir, seguir, servir, vestirse, reír(se), sonreír, despedirse.

• u\rightarrow ue : jugar.

Gustar-Type Sentence Formula

\text{IOP}+verbo+\text{sujeto}\quad (\text{3rd person sing. or pl.})

Ej.: Nos faltan dos dólares. | A María le fascina el arte.

Regular Conjugation Templates

• –AR: \boxed{\text{hablar}\rightarrow hablo, hablas, habla, hablamos, habláis, hablan}

• –ER: \boxed{\text{comer}\rightarrow como, comes, come, comemos, coméis, comen}

• –IR: \boxed{\text{vivir}\rightarrow vivo, vives, vive, vivimos, vivís, viven}

Use these patterns for any verb in the same class unless noted irregular above.

Practical & Ethical Insights

• Travel verbs in Lección 5 highlight cultural competence: confirming reservations & respecting local weather (Llueve / Nieva).

• Health verbs (Lección 10) underline ethical responsibility when describing symptoms accurately to healthcare providers.

• Technology verbs (Lección 11) connect Spanish study to real-world digital literacy: Navegar en Internet safely and respecting privacy laws.

These bullet-point notes encapsulate every verb on the SPA 111/112 trifold, stem-changes, irregular “yo” forms, reflexive and gustar-like constructions, plus conceptual links and usage models to replace the original PDF as a complete study guide.