SPA 1122 FINAL
Present Indicative Tense
Regular Verb Endings - -Ar Verbs: - Yo: -o - Tú: -as - Él/Ella/Usted: -a - Nosotros/as: -amos - Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes: -an - -Er Verbs: - Yo: -o - Tú: -es - Él/Ella/Usted: -e - Nosotros/as: -emos - Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes: -en - -Ir Verbs: - Yo: -o - Tú: -es - Él/Ella/Usted: -e - Nosotros/as: -imos - Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes: -en
Common Irregular Verbs (Present) - Ser (to be - permanent): soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son - Estar (to be - location): estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están - Ir (to go): voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van - Saber (to know information): sé, sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabéis, saben - Dar (to give): doy, das, da, damos, dais, dan
Stem-Changing Verbs - Possible changes in the stem of the verb: - O → ue - e → i - e → ie
"Yo Go" Verbs (Irregular Yo Form) - Hacer: hago - Tener: tengo - Decir: digo
Other Irregular Yo Forms - Conocer: conozco
Preterite Tense (Past Tense)
Regular Endings - -Ar Verbs: -, -aste, -, -amos, -asteis, -aron - -Er / -Ir Verbs: -í, -iste, -i, -imos, -isteis, -ieron
Irregular Verbs in Preterite - Dar (to give): di, diste, dio, dimos, disteis, dieron - Ver (to see): vi, viste, vio, vimos, visteis, vieron - Totally Irregular (Ir/Ser): fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron
Spelling-Change Verbs (Car, Gar, Zar) - These changes occur only in the Yo form in the preterite: - -Car → -qu: (e.g., Buscar → busqu) - -Gar → -gu: (e.g., Jugar → jugu) - -Zar → -c: (e.g., Empezar → empec)
Preterite Stem Changes - U Stem: - Tener → tuv - Estar → estuv - Poder → pud - Saber → sup - Andar → anduv - I Stem: - Querer → quis - Hacer → hic (Note: the l/ella form is HIZO) - Venir → vin - J Stem: - Decir → dij - Conducir → conduj - Traer → traj
I → Y Changes - Occurs in the 3rd person singular and plural: - Leer: ley, leyeron - Or: oy, oyeron
Imperfect Tense (Past Tense)
Regular Endings - -Ar Verbs: -aba, -abas, -aba, -bamos, -aban - -Er / -Ir Verbs: -, -s, -, -amos, -n
Irregular Verbs in Imperfect - Ser (to be): era, eras, era, ramos, erais, eran - Ir (to go): iba, ibas, iba, bamos, ibais, iban - Ver (to see): ve, ves, ve, veamos, veais, ven
Conditional Tense
Formation: Infinitive + Ending
Endings for all -Ar, -Er, and -Ir verbs: -, -s, -, -amos, -n
Irregular Stems for Conditional: - Caber (to fit): cabr - Decir (to say/tell): dir - Haber (to have/there be): habr - Hacer (to do/make): har - Poder (to be able to): podr - Poner (to put/place): pondr - Querer (to want/love): querr - Saber (to know): sabr - Salir (to leave/exit): saldr - Tener (to have): tendr - Valer (to be worth): valdr - Venir (to come): vendr
Present Subjunctive
Usage: Used to describe doubt, desires, and recommendations.
Formation: 1. Start with the "Yo" form of the present indicative. 2. Drop the "-o". 3. Add the opposite ending.
Subjunctive Endings - -Ar Verbs: -e, -es, -e, -emos, -en - -Er / -Ir Verbs: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -an
Irregular Verbs in Present Subjunctive: - Ser: sea, seas, sea, seamos, sean - Haber: haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayan - Estar: est, ests, est, estemos, estn - Ir: vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayan - Saber: sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepan - Dar: d, des, d, demos, den
Imperfect Subjunctive
Formation: 1. Go to the third-person plural (ellos/ellas/ustedes) form of the preterite. 2. Drop the "-ron". 3. Add the endings.
Endings for all -Ar, -Er, and -Ir verbs: -ra, -ras, -ra, -ramos, -ran
Irregularities: These only occur if the third-person preterite form is irregular.
Usage and Comparisons
Preterite vs. Imperfect - Preterite (l Preterit) is used for: - Completed actions (definitive start/end). - Interrupted actions. - Actions viewed as a sequence of events. - Imperfect (l Imperfect) is used for: - Habitual actions. - Telling time or age. - Expressing feelings, descriptions, or background information.
Subjunctive vs. Indicative - Subjunctive Triggers: Dudo que, es necesario que, me alegra que, no hay nada que, es mejor, no es cierto que, no creo que, no pienso que. - Indicative Triggers: No dudo que, creo que, es evidente que, tengo un trabajo que, pienso que.
Present Subjunctive vs. Imperfect Subjunctive - Differentiation is based on trigger words or verbs that signify either the past or present context.
Imperfect Subjunctive with Conditional - Formula: Si yo [IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE], [CONDITIONAL].
Vocabulary
Basic Words and Phrases: - Prestar: to lend - Casco Antiguo: old town / historic district - Hacer un esfuerzo: to make an effort - Tomar una decisin: to make a decision - Hacerse ciudadano: to become a citizen - El crisol: melting pot - Adaptarse: to adapt - Relacionarse con: to interact with / relate to - Enriquecer: to enrich
Medical and Health: - La radiografa: X-ray - Estar mareado/a: to feel dizzy - El tratamiento: treatment - La ciruga: surgery - Reposar: to rest - Padecer de: to suffer from
Urban and Community Life: - La ciclova: bike lane - La vivienda: housing - El ayuntamiento: city hall / town hall - El alcalde / la alcaldesa: mayor - La hora pico: rush hour - La multa: fine (ticket) - Mudarse: to move (residence) - Echar gasolina: to get gas / to fill up (gas)
Education, Society, and Business: - La doble nacionalidad: dual citizenship - La enseanza bilinge: bilingual education - Colaborativamente: collaboratively - La terapia fsica: physical therapy - Las exportaciones: exports - Las importaciones: imports - El socio / la socia: partner / associate