Lecture 4/7 (Middle Age)

Overview of the Middle Ages

  • The Middle Ages is a period lasting roughly 1,000 years, from the end of the Roman Empire in the 5th century to the beginning of the Renaissance in the 15th century.
  • Early historians referred to this era as a time of ignorance and barbarism, a viewpoint that has been challenged by modern scholarship.

Structure of the Middle Ages

  • The Middle Ages is divided into three key periods:
    • Early Middle Ages (5th to early 11th century)
    • Romanesque Period (11th to 12th century)
    • Gothic Period (mid 12th to 13th century)
  • Early Middle Ages can be subdivided into other sections:
    • Carolingian Period
    • Ottonian Period
Carolingian and Ottonian Periods
  • Associated with significant figures like Charlemagne, who sought to resurrect the Roman Empire.
  • There was a revival of Roman and Greek artistic forms during these periods, sometimes referred to as a mini-Renaissance.

Artistic Developments

-Art and Architecture: Generally small and portable due to a nomadic lifestyle; few large structures survived.

  • Examples: Fibulae (decorative pins) were common, showcasing fine craftsmanship with gold and enamel.
  • Fibulae were practical objects used to fasten clothing, indicating wealth and artistic skill.

Example of Art: Sutton Hoo

  • Sutton Hoo is an important archaeological site featuring a ship burial that confirmed aspects of Anglo-Saxon culture described in literature like Beowulf.
  • Findings: Included treasures such as ornate helmets, swords, and the famous purse cover with intricate designs reflecting early medieval linear style.

Manuscripts and Their Creation

  • The spread of Christianity led to the creation of Gospel books in scriptoria by monks.
  • Manuscripts: Often illuminated with gold leaf, showcasing the artistic skill of the period.
  • The Gospel Book of Saint Matthew is a key example that highlights the influence of local artistic styles based on earlier metalwork.

The Role of Lindisfarne Monastery

  • Located on Lindisfarne, a remote island, the monastery became a center for manuscript production and learning in the 8th century.
  • Connected to Rome, it played a crucial role in the Christianization of England.
Saint Cuthbert and His Significance
  • Saint Cuthbert became an important figure and his burial drew pilgrims seeking healing, leading to Lindisfarne’s prominence as a pilgrimage site.
  • His remains were later moved to Durham, where his legacy continues to inspire.

Conclusion

  • The Middle Ages witnessed significant artistic achievements and cultural developments despite early perceptions of barbarism.
  • The period laid the groundwork for future developments in art, literature, and the spread of Christianity, transforming European culture for centuries to follow.
  • The delicate art of manuscript creation highlights the intricate blend of faith, artistry, and history during this era.