Chemistry Handling
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Chemical
Any element, compound, or mixture of elements and/or compounds.
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Pyrophoric Substances
Ignite spontaneously in air at or below 54 °C, posing significant safety risks.
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Hazardous Chemicals
Can cause adverse health effects, including poisoning and allergic reactions.
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Non-Hazardous Chemicals
Those that do not fit the definition of hazardous substances.
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Peroxide Formers
A class of highly unstable chemicals that are among the most dangerous in laboratories.
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Chemical Safety
Best practices for handling chemicals to minimize risks to individuals, facilities, and communities.
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Understanding Hazardous Chemicals
Chemicals can lead to health issues such as skin rashes, cancer, and respiratory problems.
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Ignitability
Refers to substances that are flammable.
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Corrosivity
Refers to substances that can rust or decompose.
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Reactivity
Refers to substances that can be explosive.
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Toxicity
Degree to which a toxic chemical can cause damage, influenced by dosage, duration, and exposure.
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Hazardous Substance
A material that poses a physical or health hazard.
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Examples of Hazardous Chemicals
Includes paints, drugs, cleaning agents like ethanol and carbon tetrachloride.
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Health Hazards
Result from exposure to chemicals, causing acute or chronic effects.
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Acute Hazards
Cause immediate harm (e.g., carbon monoxide poisoning).
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Chronic Hazards
Develop over time (e.g., lung cancer from smoking).
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Xylene
An organic compound primarily used as a solvent in various applications.
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Xylene Properties
Colorless, flammable liquid with a sweet odor, derived from petroleum and coal tar.
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Health Risks of Xylene Exposure
Includes headaches, dizziness, and respiratory issues.
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Nephrotoxic
Toxic chemicals that damage the kidneys (e.g., Cisplatin, Aminoglycosides).
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Hepatotoxin
Toxic chemicals that damage the liver (e.g., ethanol, halothane, carbon tetrachloride).
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Teratogen
Toxic chemicals that cause malformation of an embryo (e.g., Alcohol).
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Non-Hazardous Waste Examples
Uncontaminated gloves, empty plastic containers, pipettes.
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Water
The most powerful polar solvent, widely used in laboratories.
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Routes of Exposure
Ingestion, inhalation, injection, and skin contact determine chemical exposure risk.
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GHS Classification
Includes Health: Health Hazard, Irritant, Corrosive, Toxic; Physical: Explosive, Flammable, Oxidizers, Gases, Corrosive; Environmental Hazard: Environmental Toxic.
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Class #1: Explosives
Materials that can explode under certain conditions.
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Class #2: Gases
Includes flammable, non-flammable, and toxic gases.
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Class #3: Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Liquids that can easily catch fire.
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Class #4: Flammable Solids
Includes solids that can ignite through friction or spontaneous combustion.
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Class #5: Oxidizing Substances
Substances that can cause or enhance the combustion of other materials.
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Class #6: Toxic Substances
Includes materials that can cause significant health issues.
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Class #7: Radioactive Materials
Substances that emit radiation and pose health risks.
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Class #8: Corrosives
Substances that can cause damage to living tissue or materials.
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Acute Toxicity
Injurious or lethal effects upon contact with body cells due to chemical properties.
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Irritant
A chemical causing reversible inflammatory effects on living tissue.
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Skin Irritant
Produces reversible damage to the skin after contact.
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Eye Irritant
Causes reversible changes in the eye within 21 days of exposure.
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Sensitization
A substance that induces an allergic response following skin contact.
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Corrosive
Causes destructive burns on tissue by chemical action.
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Labeling
Includes supplier identification, precautionary statements, hazard symbols, and signal words (Danger or Warning).
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Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
Documents providing useful information on chemical hazards, safe handling, and emergency measures.
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Control Measures for Chemical Hazards
Includes elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls, and PPE.
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General Rules for Handling Chemicals
Do not return chemicals to their original packaging. Keep containers closed.
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Handling Hazardous Materials at Home
Read ingredient lists, use proper PPE, and follow safe procedures.
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11 Rules for Safe Handling of Hazardous Materials
Includes following procedures, using required PPE, proper labeling, reading labels, and knowing emergency procedures.
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Mishandled Chemical Incidents
Notable examples include the 1984 Bhopal disaster and mercury exposure incidents in schools.
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Chemical Waste Treatment
Complete breakdown of hazardous waste into non-toxic substances.
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Thermal Treatment
Involves high temperatures to process waste, effectively reducing volume and toxicity.
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Biological Treatments
Use microorganisms to break down organic waste.
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Physical Treatment
Concentrates, solidifies, or reduces the volume of waste.
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Chemical Storage Guidelines
Label containers, store volatile toxins in ventilated cabinets, and separate incompatible chemicals.
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RA 8749: Clean Air Act of 1999
Regulation focusing on air quality management.
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RA 9275: Philippine Clean Water Act
Regulation aimed at protecting water quality.
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PD 1586: Environmental Impact Statement System
Regulation requiring assessments for projects impacting the environment.
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RA 6969: Toxic Substances and Hazardous Waste Control Act
Regulation governing the management of toxic substances and waste.
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RA 9003: Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
Regulation focused on waste management and reduction.
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RA 9512: Environmental Education Act of 2008
Regulation promoting environmental education.
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Chemical Inventory Management
Maintain current inventory and ensure easy access to SDS.
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Electrochemistry
Study of chemical processes involving the movement of electrons, generating electricity.
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Oxidation
Loss of electrons in a chemical reaction.
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Reduction
Gain of electrons in a chemical reaction.
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Oxidation Number (O.N.)
Helps track electron transfer in chemical reactions.
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Common Oxidation States
Group 1A = +1, Group 2A = +2, Oxygen = -2, Hydrogen = +1/-1 depending on bonding.
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Redox Reactions
Involve the transfer of electrons; oxidation is loss, reduction is gain.
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Electrochemical Cells
Devices converting chemical energy into electrical energy (Galvanic) or vice versa (Electrolytic).
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Galvanic Cells
Convert chemical energy into electrical energy through spontaneous reactions.
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Electrolytic Cells
Convert electrical energy into chemical energy, requiring an external power source.
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Battery Types
Include alkaline, lithium-ion, and their unique applications and chemical compositions.
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Applications of Electrochemistry
Include batteries, electroplating, and other industrial processes.
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Electroplating
Depositing a layer of metal onto a surface through electrolysis.
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Factors Affecting Electroplating Quality
Include current density, temperature, and solution composition.