Therborn - Dimensions, Historical Waves, Regional Effects, Normative Governance

Competition economics: focus on intensified worldwide competition and its implications for firms, workers, and states
Sociocritical: express a critical concern with, and often a strongly negative reaction against, the perceived social consequences of globalizayoon as competitive economics
State impotence: the extent that the state has lost or is going to lose the capacities to govern and control
Cultural: focus on global or transnational culture flows, communications and encounters, and on their effects on symbolic forms, social images, cultural practices, on lifestyles and the deterritorialization of culture
Planetary ecology: humankind and global society are part of a planetary ecosystem
Globalization and its 3 challenges:
- Cognitive
- Civic
- Governance

Globalization: tendencies to a worldwide reach, impact, or connectdetness of social phenomenon or to a world-encompassing awareness among social actors
- It can cover an infinite number of the aspects of social life, vary in degree of extension, and can be driven by different dynamics
Spatialization: flattening of social processes

Systemness of the world
- Global system as a single world society
The world economy is still far from fully systemized
Individuals are shaped by sub-global forces, be theycultural areas, nations, states or sub-state regions and so on
Mix of global system and actors
Sub-global features:
- Party systems
- Social policy and institutions of social rights
Globalizations are multiform processes

1st wave: diffusion of world religions and establishment of transcontinental civilizations
2nd wave: European colonial conquests
3rd wave: intra-European power struggles, global wars
4th wave: European imperialism, deglobalization
5th wave: political
6th wave: financial-cultural wave, expansion of foreign currency

→ Globalization is neither a unique, recent phenomenon not something intrinsically irreversible

→ Each wave has created a certain global system-ness

Globalization can affect the social space of actors from 2 angles:
- By directly changing their given social location
- By opening channels to the rest of the world
Winners of globalization: those for whom an opened world is either an opportunity of action or a connection to resourceful friends
Losers of globalization: closure of opportunities, employment, chances for decent wages or profits, and a cultural invasion that occupies the high ground of cultural communication and subverts important values
Main regional effects of current globalization

Governance: giving direction to something and is not tied to the state
Markets have grown faster than the state
Most parts of the world are still more nationstate governed than they were before