Unit 4 1800-1848
well hey and welcome back to heimlich's history now in this video i'm going to review everything you need to know about unit 4 of the ap
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u.s history curriculum and we ain't got no time to waste so let's get to it now before we get started i need to mention that this review video is part of a
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larger set of review materials that i've made for you the ultimate review packet for ap us
ULTIMATE REVIEW PACKET
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history it's got everything you need to get an a in your class and a five on your exam in may so if you're interested link in the description below all right
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so let's get down to reviewing unit four the time period that we're covering is 1800 to 1848 and the main themes are as
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follows first the expanding role of the united states in world affairs second the transformation of the society
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and economy in the early years of the republic and third we're going to see how americans came to terms with all the
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growing democratic impulses going on during this time now we left off the last unit with the election of thomas jefferson in 1800 and now we're gonna
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pick it right back up so you'll probably recall that during this time there were fierce debates between the democratic republicans and the federalists on dang
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near everything those debates just continued right along into this period two of the main debates being about american relations with foreign
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powers and the scope of federal power back here at home so i reckon we ought to look at both of them in turn now with
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respect to america's relationship with foreign powers a good example of the debate during this period has to do with the troublesome americans were having
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with a group of folks called the barbary pirates since the 1970s the u.s government had paid tribute to the barbary states of
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north africa in exchange for their protection of american merchant ships and this was a policy put in place by prior federalist presidents washington
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and adams but our boy jefferson was morally opposed to paying bribes in order to engage in trade and so he
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ordered those payments to cease so the barbary pirates lifted their protection and began attacking u.s merchant ships
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and at this jefferson sent the u.s navy to retaliate but as things began to escalate towards war
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jefferson's administration negotiated a reduced payment to the barbary states and maybe even more divisive during this
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time with the debates about the scope of federal power back at home democratic republicans as you may remember were all
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about restriction of federal power and that was the exact opposite of the federalists the democratic republicans championed a
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strict constructionist view of the constitution what this means is that they believe that the federal government was only able to do what was explicitly
STRICT CONSTRUCTIONIST
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written in the constitution now federalists on the other hand were loose constructionists this meant that the federal government had a lot more
LOOSE CONSTRUCTIONISTS
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flexibility with the written word of the constitution and therefore they could do a lot more that wasn't explicitly written in the constitution but as with
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all things in history it's a little more complicated than that case in point the louisiana purchase you might recall that france had a
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colony in haiti and that starting in 1791 the haitians rose up in revolt against the french and won their
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independence in 1801 as a result of that jefferson saw an opportunity to gain navigation rights on the mississippi
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river in new orleans which was squarely in french territory in north america and so we sent james monroe over to france with two million
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dollars in his pocket to secure those rights from napoleon but now that haiti was lost napoleon had little use for the
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louisiana territory and so he went ahead and told monroe that america could have all of louisiana for 15 million
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now monroe couldn't exactly call up jefferson for advice so he went ahead and took the deal now that seems great and all but when monroe came home
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heralding the good news that sent our boy tj into kind of an existential crisis remember he was a strict
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constructionist and there is nothing in the constitution that gives the power to the president to buy land but there was
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nothing he could do the deal was done but jefferson justified the purchase to himself by arguing that by owning the
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new land indians could be removed further westward and it would cut off european influence in the region and open up trading and bonus this land
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would offer the potential to further his agrarian dream for a nation of yeoman farmers rather than the trade and
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manufacturing nation that federalist which is to say hamilton envisioned so in this way jefferson who
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is a strict constructionist actually violated those principles and acted like a common dirty federalist loose
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constructionist now after the purchase was complete congress appropriated funds for a core of discovery led by
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meriwether lewis and william clark lewis and clark began the exploration of the vast new territory beginning in 1804 and
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they traveled thousands of miles up the missouri river until they wound up on the pacific coast the southern part of the territory was explored and mapped by
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zebulun pike in 1806 and the travels of these two expeditions led to more accurate mapping of the territory
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greater geographic and scientific knowledge of the region and further diplomatic relations with the indians who lived there now there
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was further expansion of federal power during this time and this happened as a result of supreme court decisions and for that we have our buddy chief justice
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john marshall to thank and the first case you need to know in this respect is marbury versus madison in 1803. now it's
MARBURY V MADISON
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not that important that you know all the details of this case but i'll tell you the story just so you have some context just before jefferson's election the
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federalist dominated congress passed the judiciary act which created 16 new spots for federal
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judges in the united states and on his way out of office john adams appointed federalist judges to fill all those spots and one of those
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appointments was to go to a judge named william marbury i don't care how you slice it that was a shrewd political move because both the congress and the
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presidency were changing over from federalist to democratic republican dominance and this move was a way to ensure
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continued federalist influence in the courts now as it happened jefferson was none too happy about this and so his
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secretary of state james madison refused to deliver some of those appointments so the conflict wound up in the supreme court and led by chief
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justice john marshall the court decided that under the judiciary act marbury did in fact deserve his
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commission well that's what i'm talking about so that's the story but here comes the sauce in this decision the court also proclaimed itself
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to be the final interpreter of the constitution and that the judiciary act itself was unconstitutional and the term
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for this power is called judicial review and therefore marbury would not receive
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his commission wait what so this had the effect of increasing the power of the supreme court and this increase in power just
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continued in another case in 1819 called mcculloch versus maryland and i won't tell you the story here but just
MCCULLOCH V MARYLAND
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understand that as a result of this case the supreme court decided that federal law trumps state law okay so federal power
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is increasing during this time but you also need to understand that sometimes regional interests took precedence over
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national concerns and if you want an example and i know you do let's talk about the war of 1812. now this is the first
WAR OF 1812
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proper war we've got ourselves into since the revolutionary war so we need to talk about the causes of this war so
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during this time france and britain were fighting because that's kind of their thing the us wanted to remain neutral in
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the conflict especially on the seas but france and britain kept seizing american merchant ships and that to put it mildly
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was annoying additionally americans who were moving westward were having indian problems as was our custom and they
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became convinced that the british were stirring up this resistance finally there was the problem of british impressment and you might recall from
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the last unit that the practice of impressment just means that british ships were forcibly capturing american
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folks and making them to serve in the royal navy now this practice was hated but at least understandable while america was
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still a collection of british colonies but now we got our big boy independence pants on and the british were still
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doing it so in june of 1812 the united states declared war on britain and support or resistance to this war fell
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right along party lines the democratic republicans were very much for it and the federalists were very much against
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in fact the federalists so opposed this war that they met together at something called the hartford convention in 1814
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and amid their discussions about how to end the war they even argued that as a result of all this mess
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new england should secede from the union regardless america won that war and there were some significant consequences
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that attended it first the victory created the occasion for an intense nationalism in the american chess after all here was the second war that
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america had won against the mighty british i mean technically we didn't win it we just kind of didn't lose it but you know
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whatever the second consequence was the final demise of the federalist party because everyone was rejoicing in this
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victory it seemed like the federalists who were so staunchly opposed to this war were so out of touch with american
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reality and this marked the beginning of a so-called era of good feelings with a supposed national unity under the
ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS
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democratic republican party however even with the supposed national unity the debates raged on the third consequence
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is that even though the united states won this war it did show us some of our glaring weaknesses for example since
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democratic republicans had let the national bank charter expire in 1811 there was no national bank and therefore
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was very difficult to raise funds without a reliable source of credit additionally without a reliable means of infrastructure and transportation they
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found it very difficult to move men and supplies for the war effort and the remedy to these problems gives us another example of regional interest
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trumping national concerns namely henry clay's american system in this economic prescription comprised of numerous
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pieces of legislation and policies three interdependent policies were proposed with the intent of unifying the
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american economy the first provision was for federally funded internal improvements like roads and canals that
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would aid farmers and merchants the second provision was for the implementation of protective tariffs tariffs by way of reminder are taxes on
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imported goods and if you raise the price on imported goods that has the effect of making people want to buy cheaper goods produced in america so the
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tariffs would protect u.s manufacturers and the third provision was for a second bank of the united states now
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president madison vetoed the first provision for internal improvements because he disliked the way it would expand federal power
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which he believed would disadvantage the south but the other two provisions passed now regional tensions were
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further exacerbated by continued westward expansion and a prime example is when missouri applied for statehood
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in 1819. settlers had already brought thousands of enslaved people into the missouri territory and so it was assumed
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that missouri would come in as a slave state but here's where i tell you about the talmadge amendment new york congressman james talmadge went
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ahead and attached an amendment to missouri's application for statehood prohibiting slavery in the new state and
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this was a massive deal immediately it caused a firestorm in congress and to understand why you
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have to realize that of utmost importance during this time was to keep the balance in the senate between free states and slave states if
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missouri came in as a free state that means that the slave states would be the losers in the senate on every vote that concerned such
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matters and so this little amendment threatened to break up the union and even the word civil war started to drip from people's
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lips don't just take it from me let's listen to our boy thomas jefferson he said but this momentous question like a
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fire bell in the night awakened and filled me with terror i considered it at once as the knell of
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the union it is hushed indeed for the moment but this is a reprieve only not a final sentence but our boy
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henry clay stepped in to put a band-aid on this gushing national neck wound he proposed the compromise of 1820 also
COMPROMISE OF 1820
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known as the missouri compromise according to this compromise they would bring in missouri as a slave state and then go ahead and bring in maine as a
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free state and thus the free state slave state balance in the senate would be preserved and in order to solve the problem for future expansion westward
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they decided that the southern border of missouri which is to say the 3630 line would hereafter be
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the line separating slave territory from free territory below it slavery would be permitted
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above it not so much except missouri of course okay so that's what's happening back at home so now let's turn our attention and look at
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what's happening with america on the world stage the major goals for america during this period were to firm up our
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boundaries and to gain more territory and so in 1816 james monroe a democratic republican
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won the presidency he sent john quincy adams over to london to settle some territorial claims and adams negotiated
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treaties that established the u.s canadian border at the 49th parallel and established joint u.s british
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occupation of the oregon territory okay now that we've got the north squared away i know what you're thinking was there a treaty that established the
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southern border of the united states there was i got you because monroe wanted to limit the influence of spain
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on the american continent he had old john quincy adams negotiate the adams onus treaty of 1819 as well in that
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treaty spain went ahead and sold florida to the united states and established the location of our southern border and now
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baby we're on a roll globally speaking so let's keep going a couple of years after these treaties were signed several south american countries gained their
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independence also from spain and monroe seized this opportunity to proclaim american dominance in the western
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hemisphere in something called the monroe doctrine of 1823 and basically this doctrine just established the
MONROE DOCTRINE
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western hemisphere as a u.s sphere of influence perpetually to be free
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of european influence and if that definition doesn't make any sense to you think about it this way under the monroe doctrine the united states is like a
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giant dog lifting its leg and peeing all over the western hemisphere uh hey y'all this all belongs to me and you know that
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cause i peed on it respect all right so that's what's going on in the wider world and now we need to turn our attention to what's going on at home
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in america during that time specifically what's going on with our society and what's going on with our economy and all
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that could be summed up with the market revolution so by definition the market revolution was the linking of northern industries with
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western and southern farms which was created by advances in agriculture industry communication and
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transportation and this is why henry clay proposed the american system and this had a massive effect on america first of all new
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technology gave this revolution its big push forward the cotton gin and the spinning machine revolutionized southern
COTTON GIN
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agriculture and northern industry the cotton gin significantly sped up the process of separating seeds from cotton
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fibers and the spinning machine sped up the process of spinning cotton into yarn and yet another technological
SPINNING MACHINE
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breakthrough that contributed to the market revolution was the advent of interchangeable parts now prior to this generally speaking any
INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS
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given product was made by artisans from beginning to end but now in the midst of the larger industrial revolution
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machines were used to produce in bulk the various parts of say a musket and then assemble them all
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together and this new process of production became the basis for the american system of manufacturing basically you had water powered machines
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the division of labor into small repeatable tasks performed by unskilled laborers
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and therefore mass production also steamboats transform trade now rivers and streams have always been arteries
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for trade but the problem with rivers and streams is that they only flow in one direction if you got a raft full of
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goods to sell 100 miles downstream that's great but baby you walking home but now with steam power trading vessels
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can navigate upriver and down river also in this market revolution you had the advancement of transportation the first
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big leap forward came with the building of canals for example the erie canal that stretched across new york state now
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in case you don't know what a canal is it's just a waterway made by humans sometimes rivers don't go where you want them to go so you got to make one of
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your own and once the economic benefits of the erie canal were plain that launched a huge campaign for more canals
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to be dug all across the nation now by the 1820s and the 1830s railroads began to replace canals as the cinequa non of
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transportation for trade and local and state governments helped this process by granting special loans and tax breaks to
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railroad companies and the effect of all this new technology is that american industry became more interconnected and
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interdependent than ever before and it especially promoted the growth of western agriculture now while all of this was going on american society was
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changing too all across the north industrial cities exploded in both population and diversity for starters from 1820 to 1840
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something like 2 million immigrants showed up on the american shores mainly from germany and ireland and many of them settled on the eastern
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seaboard and provided an expanding pool of cheap labor which further fueled northern industry others migrated west
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and established homesteads and farms on the frontier those immigrants who stayed in the industrial cities transformed the
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urban landscape they formed a growing class of laboring poor and as such they crowded themselves into
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hastily built housing called tenements and in these crowded tenements it was a pretty bleak reality sanitation was an
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afterthought diseases spread rapidly and basically they lived there because that was their only choice but even so many
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of these immigrants were able to re-establish their cultural institutions that they had left back in their homeland for example jewish immigrants
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established synagogues and the influx of irish catholics led to the expansion of the catholic church and also there was a
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growing middle class this class first emerged in the north and included folks like businessmen shopkeepers journalists doctors and
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lawyers with their growing prosperity they had disposable income which they spent on leisure activities like plays
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and circuses and sporting events and hey we got to talk about women during this period too the ladies were expected to
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conform to a developing societal norm which was known as the cult of domesticity and this was expounded
CULT OF DOMESTICITY
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to them in a dizzying array of new magazines and books that were being published the idea was that a woman's
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identity and sense of purpose revolved around childbearing and making her home a haven of rest for her husband the
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husband's proper place was outside of the home working and so this idea of separate spheres for the sexes began to
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really take hold in american society during this time this is a middle class and an upper class phenomenon and the reason why it didn't extend to the lower
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classes is probably obvious for the lower classes the women had to work in order for the family to survive ain't no lower class woman got time to
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sit around and make her husband's sandwich all day all right now let's take a hard right and talk about the expansion of democracy during this time
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to begin with it's going to be important for you to know that the only people who could vote during this time were property owning white males so that
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means that voting was the prerogative of the elite but as the century progressed working men and small farmers and
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frontier settlers all began to demand the franchise which is to save the right to vote now in order to understand
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why i need to tell you about the panic of 1819 which was the first major recession in united states history
PANIC OF 1819
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the panic resulted from irresponsible banking practices and a decrease in demand for exported american goods
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especially cotton now it was laboring men who were hit hardest by this panic and they wanted to be able to hold
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politicians accountable for their failures to regulate the banks but they could not vote and this desire for the
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franchise gathered more steam because the frontier states had pretty much all established universal male suffrage
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and so by 1825 most eastern states had lowered or eliminated their property qualifications
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for voting and now that american politics had an influx of new voters that led to the growth and realignment
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of political parties the election of 1824 led to a split in the democratic republican party and the two factions
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were as follows the group who called themselves the national republicans had a more expansive view of federal power
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which is to say they were loose constructionists in the lineage of old school federalists and the group who called themselves the democrats had a
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restrictive view of federal power which is to say they were strict constructionists and with this rift
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growing between them they had the worst time nominating a candidate for the presidential election and so they chose
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four candidates three of which will be important to name there was andrew jackson who was a democrat in the jeffersonian mold there was john
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quincy adams and then there was henry clay who were both national republicans with federalist tendencies now adams and
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jackson were the strongest contenders among the four but while adam stayed home and let other people do his campaigning for him
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jackson went to the people and inspired mass support so jackson won the popular vote but because
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there were so many candidates to choose from nobody won a majority of the electoral vote in that case the constitution says
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that it falls to the house of representatives to choose the president henry clay who came in fourth in this contest who also happened to be the
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speaker of the house through his support behind adams and the house chose adams to be the president but not five seconds after
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adams cheeks hit the chair in the oval office he named henry clay as his secretary of state and
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jackson and all his supporters saw this and cried foul and they called it the corrupt bargain but now fast forward to the next
CORRUPT BARGAIN
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election in 1828 and these intraparty factions have actually crystallized into legit political parties the democratic
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party chose jackson as their candidate and the national republicans went with adams and jackson again took his campaign across the country to all the
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people and he ended up this time winning the ticket and now we need to talk about andrew jackson and his use of
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federal power during his presidency by the time he was elected the two major national parties had shifted a little
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bit the democrats were led by andrew jackson and a new party called the whigs was led by henry clay and the main
WHIGS
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disagreement between these two parties was basically this scope of federal power and here's where i give you some
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examples of this conflict and let's start with tariffs specifically the tariff of 1828. now this tariff was
TARIFF OF 1828
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actually passed during the adams administration and it raised import duties up to 50 as you can imagine northern
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manufacturers and western farmers loved this tariff because it protected their industries but southerners hated it because they relied
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on imported goods and so now in 1832 under the jackson administration congress went ahead and reaffirmed that
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tariff and here's where things get a little saucy i already told you that the southerners hated the tariff in fact they called it the tariff of
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abominations it just so happened that jackson's vice president was a guy named john c calhoun who happened to be a south
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carolinian and calhoun shared the southern hatred of this tariff and developed the doctrine of nullification and what this meant in practice was that
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the states had the power to determine the constitutionality of federal laws and if a state found a law to fail
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the test they could nullify it or refuse to follow and so in 1832 when congress reaffirmed that
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tariffs south carolina held a convention and decided they would not pay those taxes and furthermore if federal authorities
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came to collect those taxes south carolina would secede from the union and so andrew jackson not one to have his
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authority flouted by a recalcitrant state persuaded congress to pass the force bill and the force bill gave
FORCE BILL
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jackson the authority to use federal troops to enforce federal law in south carolina now jackson did work with
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congress in order to lower the tariff so that way south carolina could remain in the union and still save face but in a nasty
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little thumb biting moment the south carolina legislature went ahead and nullified the force bill so that's fun okay now a second
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illustration over the divide of opinion on the scope of federal power was jackson's veto of the second bank of the
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united states now recall that this bank was established as part of henry clay's american system and it did stabilize the
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economy throughout the 1820s but when state banks started closing because they couldn't make the required payments to
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the national bank many people were left with worthless paper money at that jackson concluded that a national bank
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favored the elite over ordinary citizens and as a man of the people he sought to correct that error and when
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the recharter for the bill for the bank passed congress and showed up on jackson's desk he vetoed it calling it a monster that was
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dangerous to the common people of america and so the national bank was officially dedsies and yet another illustration of
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jackson's use of federal power was his project of indian removal now acquisition of indian land was a big
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issue before and during jackson's administration and it came to a head in the indian removal act of 1830 and there
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are several different indian nations we could look at here but let's just consider the cherokee the cherokee nation located in georgia had declared
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itself a sovereign nation within the borders of the state georgians however did not see it that way to them the
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cherokee were more like guests on their land i mean y'all can chill on our land that's all good what there's golden in their hills oh
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you all got to go and so upon the passage of the indian removal act the cherokee refused to be resettled across the mississippi river
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and they actually challenged that law in the supreme court in a case called worcester versus georgia the court ruled that the
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cherokee nation was in fact sovereign and that georgia did not have the right to impose state laws within
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their boundaries and that was a great win for the cherokee but then something happened in 1835 u.s officials persuaded a small
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delegation of the cherokee to meet with them and sign a treaty now this group of cherokee did in no way have tribal
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authority to do such a thing but sign it they did the result was the treaty of new ecota which officially
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exchanged cherokee land in georgia for a reservation territory west of the mississippi river and for all who did
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not relocate voluntarily the forced removal began in 1838 along what became known as the trail of tears
TRAIL OF TEARS
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okay so that definitely happened but we do need to move on and talk about the distinct american culture and the spirit
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of reform that was springing up during this time it was very important for americans to develop their own distinct
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identity and in this period that largely occurred through language philosophy art and religion with respect to
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american literature and language we need to talk about noah webster in his publication in 1828 of the american
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dictionary of the english language this dictionary was used in expanding networks of schools and academies and
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its chief effect was to standardize the spelling and pronunciation of american english because soon as far as i'm
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concerned you ain't american unless you speak america and we also got ourselves a thoroughly american philosophy with
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the advent of transcendentalism now i say it was american but it was definitely influenced by european
TRANSCENDENTALISM
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romanticism and its belief on human perfectability additionally romanticism in contradiction to the enlightenment's
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emphasis on the thinking thinking parts emphasized human passion and mystery and so transcendentalism
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followed all of this and emphasized the transcendent power and beauty of nature the first luminary of
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this manner of thought was ralph waldo emerson who believed that moral perfection could be achieved in the united states later a follow of
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emerson's named henry david thoreau moved to a cabin near walden pond and he lived there among nature for a
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year and made an experiment of human perfection and all of his musings he wrote down in a book called walden now
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most of these folks supported other moralist movements at the time including abolition and temperance and women's suffrage which is to say
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there's lots of overlap throughout the various reform movements during this period and this manner of thinking also influenced art
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during this period for example the hudson river school of artists painted romanticized landscapes in new york and
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the western territories and all of this was an effort towards spiritual renewal in america but some folks took this
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desire for spiritual renewal even further and created utopian communities these groups of folks were usually very
UTOPIAN COMMUNITIES
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influenced by european intellectuals and american values of democracy and equality and one of the more famous of these groups was the
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oneida community formed in 1848 in central new york this group of christians became convinced that the
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second coming of christ had already occurred and therefore they must shake off the restraints of the kingdom of
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this world and live communally and imperfect equality and so each member relinquished any private property they
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owned and one of their more well-known doctrines was that of complex marriage and that is exactly what it
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sounds like everyone in the community belonged to everyone else and so that means that the marriage bed was
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how shall i say this open but don't worry the community was really big on birth control methods you know like
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jesus would have done when he established his everlasting kingdom on earth anyway perhaps the most significant
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spiritual renewal during this time was the second great awakening baptists and methodists and presbyterians organized camp
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meetings in the woods that folks attended for days on end and each day would feature up to a dozen evangelical preachers who preached
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with fervor all day long and it'll be important for you to know that in general these camp meetings were relatively egalitarian which is to say
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they included whites blacks enslaved and free people men and women but it wasn't all egalitarian
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puppies and rainbows for example the southern baptist went ahead and split from their denomination because all those cranky baptist abolitionists in
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the north now this movement spread to the cities chiefly by means of the great preacher charles finney finney was a new york
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preacher who spoke powerfully in a dialect and with images that common folks could understand and they flocked
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to hear him in droves and soon his ministry of preaching spread across the cities of the north and the flame was
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lit for christian revival but in contrast to the first great awakening whose preachers focused intently on
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personal moral reformation finney and the preachers that followed in his steps were emphasizing the moral reformation
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of society and it's important to mention that because such messages set the stage for the temperance movement which
TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT
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crusaded against the consumption of alcohol and going right along that line in 1826 the american temperance society
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was founded by businessmen and clergy its efforts were directed towards working-class men who abused alcohol and the religious
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revivals happening in the midst of the second great awakening led to the establishment of over 5 000 chapters of the ats across the
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country and their goal was nothing less than complete abstinence from alcohol and the second great awakening also set the stage for innovations on the
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christian faith the most famous of which being mormonism or the church of jesus christ of latter-day saints
MORMONISM
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in the 1840s it was founded by a guy named joseph smith who claimed to receive visions from god at the age of
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18. the substance of those visions was pretty varied but the main idea is that all churches in america had strayed from
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the true teachings of the original apostolic church and so being directed to dig up some gold plates buried in the
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hills of palmyra new york joseph smith translated the plates into what became their holy book the book of mormon now
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in the beginning new yorkers tolerated the mormon presence but once smith proclaimed that god had instructed his
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community to enjoy the institution of polygamy where men can marry many wives they fell
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under persecution and so after smith was lynched in missouri for such teachings the next prophet of the group brigham
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young led the mormon community to establish a theocracy on the great salt lake in the utah territory okay still on the topic
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of american society let's talk about the growing movement of abolitionism in the 1820s the abolitionist movement was
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mainly confined to free blacks and quakers but later in this period the movement really started picking up steam one
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cause for this was the publication in 1831 of william lloyd garrison's newspaper the liberator he argued
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forcefully that white folks needed to take a stand against slavery by means of moral persuasion and not violence in
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1833 his cause had gathered enough attention to create the american anti-slavery society which spread
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rapidly across the northern states but you can't get the impression that everyone in the north was an abolitionist that's not how it was
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northern merchants and manufacturers actually feared abolition because of its potential effects on the cotton and
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sugar trade and on the other hand white working men in the north felt threatened by the prospect of abolition
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because that meant their jobs could be in peril now there were many women who supported the cause of abolitionism but
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they found that their status as women made it impossible for them to advocate for the cause as they wished and so they
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concluded that in order to be more effective in their campaigns they needed more rights for themselves and so the
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cause of abolitionism and women's rights began to grow up together out of the same sort and to this end in 1848 women gathered
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for the seneca falls convention in new york this was the first women's rights conference in america and there they
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drafted the declaration of sentiments which called for women's equality in education legal rights and voting and the fruit of
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that movement won't come fully to bear for a long time but this is where it started and finally we need to talk about a distinct subset of american
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society during this time namely the south after 1830 plantations began to expand right along with westward
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expansion when that happened plantation owners profited enormously from their expanded fields of sugar and cotton and
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this created a wealthy plantation aristocracy which sought to protect their profits and way of life through hard discipline
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towards the enslaved people that worked for them but even despite the harsh conditions the enslaved laborers found
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ways to keep their own sense of community alive one cultural aspect that's worth mentioning is their songs
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they sang songs that both created a rhythm for their work and expressed their collective despair
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and also their collective hopes now planters went to great lengths in order to control their black laborers and one
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of the reasons is that they were perpetually haunted by the possibility of slave uprisings and they had
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good reason to fear because the haitian revolution which was itself a slave uprising wasn't that far in the past and
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in 1831 their fears became a reality in an event known as nat turner's rebellion a black laborer named
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nat turner organized a slave revolt in virginia believing that god had given him a mission to do so and by the end of
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the rebellion he and his followers had killed over 50 white people turner and 55 of his followers were hanged publicly
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but this event only served to further increase the fear among southerners of more slave rebellions and so
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out of that fear they imposed even harsher disciplines and restrictions on slaves now it's going to be important for you to know
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that most white southerners didn't own any slaves at all they were yeoman farmers which means they were independent landowners but
YEOMAN FARMERS
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it's important to know that even if they owned no slaves they still believed in general in the institution of slavery
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and the racial hierarchy that made the southern society work now as the soil in the south became depleted of nutrients
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because of over-farming lots of southern farmers began moving west and as a result of that slavery began to grow in the west as well and
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i'm sure that won't cause any problems in the next period but we'll have to wait till we get there to find out all right i know that was a beast but that's
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what you need to know about unit 4 of ap u.s history if you want to go ahead and grab the ultimate review packet go ahead and click right here and all your dreams
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will come true and if you want to join the heimler family go ahead and subscribe and let me know that you want me to keep making these videos i had a good time i hope you had a good
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time heimler out