Unit 4 flashcards
attribution theory: A theory that explains how individuals pinpoint the causes of their own and others' behavior.
dispositional attribution: Attributing behavior to internal traits or personality.
Situational attribution: Attributing behavior to context or situational factors
fundamental attribution error: Overemphasizing personal traits while underemphasizing situational factors when explaining others' behaviors.
actor/observer effect: The tendency to attribute our own actions to external factors while attributing others' actions to internal factors.
self-serving bias: Attributing positive events to oneself and negative events to external factors.
downward social comparison: Comparing oneself to others who are worse off to feel better about oneself. Can lead to gratitude or scorn.
upward social comparison: Comparing oneself to others who are better off. Can lead to low self-esteem or motivation.
explanatory style: How people explain the events and situations in their lives.
optimistic explanatory style: Tendency to attribute positive events to internal causes and negative events to external causes.
pessimistic explanatory style: Tendency to attribute negative events to internal causes and positive events to external causes.
external locus of control: Belief that external factors control one's life.
internal locus of control: Belief that one controls their own destiny.
mere exposure effect: Increased liking of something due to repeated exposure to it.
relative deprivation: Feeling deprived when comparing oneself to others who are better off.
self-fulfilling prophecy: A belief that leads to its own fulfillment.
Belief perseverance: Maintaining a belief even after it has been disproven.
Cognitive dissonance: Discomfort from holding conflicting thoughts or beliefs.
Confirmation bias: Favoring information that confirms one's existing beliefs.
Discrimination: Unjust treatment based on group membership.
Ethnocentrism: Belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group.
Implicit attitudes: Unconscious beliefs and feelings.
Ingroup: A group to which one belongs and identifies with.
Ingroup bias: Preference for one's own group over others.
Just-world phenomenon: Belief that the world is just and people get what they deserve.
Outgroup: A group to which one does not belong.
Outgroup homogeneity bias: Perception that members of an outgroup are more similar to each other than they really are.
Prejudice: Preconceived opinion not based on reason or experience.
Stereotype: Oversimplified idea of a particular type of person or thing.
Altruism: Selfless concern for the well-being of others.
Bystander effect: Individuals are less likely to help in an emergency when others are present.
Collectivism: Prioritizing the group over individual goals.
Conformity: Adjusting behavior to align with group norms. Ex: Asch conformity (lines)
Informational social influence: Conforming because one believes others are correct.
Normative social influence: Conforming to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
Deindividuation: Loss of self-awareness in groups.
Diffusion of responsibility: Reduced feeling of responsibility when others are present.
Door-in-the-face technique: Making a large request that will likely be refused to increase the chance of agreeing to a smaller request.
Elaboration likelihood model: Theory of persuasion that proposes two routes, central and peripheral.
Peripheral route: Persuasion based on superficial cues.
Central route: Persuasion based on the content and logic of the message.
False consensus effect: Overestimating how much others agree with one's own beliefs.
Foot-in-the-door technique: Starting with a small request to increase the chance of agreeing to a larger request.
Group polarization: Tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members.
Groupthink: Desire for harmony in a group results in irrational decision-making.
Halo effect: the tendency for positive impressions of a person, company, country, brand, or product in one area to positively influence one's opinion or feelings. Individualism: Prioritizing individual goals over group goals.
(I/O) psychology: Industrial and organizational psychology, focusing on workplace behavior.
Multiculturalism: Coexistence of diverse cultures.
Obedience: Complying with instructions from an authority figure.
Persuasion: Changing attitudes or behavior through argument or plea.
Prosocial behavior: Actions intended to benefit others.
role: Expected behavior of an individual in a social position.
Social debt: Obligations to others within a society.
Social facilitation: Improved performance in the presence of others.
Social loafing: Exerting less effort in a group than when working alone.