CHM105: Chapter 15

1. What are carbohydrates primarily used for in the body?
   a) Structural support
   b) Energy storage
   c) Oxygen transport
   d) DNA synthesis

2. What elements make up carbohydrates?
   a) Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen
   b) Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
   c) Hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur
   d) Carbon, phosphorus, hydrogen

3. Carbohydrates are also known as:
   a) Amino acids
   b) Lipids
   c) Saccharides
   d) Nucleotides

4. How are carbohydrates produced in nature?
   a) Protein synthesis
   b) Photosynthesis in plants
   c) Hydrolysis of lipids
   d) Cellular respiration

5. The process in which carbohydrates are oxidized in living cells to produce energy is called:
   a) Photosynthesis
   b) Hydrolysis
   c) Cellular respiration
   d) Fermentation

Types of Carbohydrates

6. What is the simplest type of carbohydrate?
   a) Disaccharide
   b) Polysaccharide
   c) Monosaccharide
   d) Oligosaccharide

7. A carbohydrate with two monosaccharide units is called a:
   a) Monosaccharide
   b) Disaccharide
   c) Polysaccharide
   d) Trisaccharide

8. What are polysaccharides composed of?
   a) Two sugar units
   b) Many sugar units
   c) Amino acids
   d) Lipids

9. Monosaccharides with an aldehyde group are classified as:
   a) Aldoses
   b) Ketoses
   c) Disaccharides
   d) Polysaccharides

10. Monosaccharides with a ketone group are classified as:
    a) Aldoses
    b) Ketoses
    c) Disaccharides
    d) Polysaccharides

Classification of Monosaccharides

11. A monosaccharide with six carbon atoms and a ketone group is called a:
    a) Aldohexose
    b) Ketohexose
    c) Aldopentose
    d) Ketopentose

12. What is an example of an aldohexose?
    a) Fructose
    b) Glucose
    c) Ribose
    d) Dihydroxyacetone

13. The sugar found in RNA is:
    a) Glucose
    b) Ribose
    c) Fructose
    d) Sucrose

Chirality & Stereoisomers

14. A carbon atom bonded to four different atoms or groups is called:
    a) Achiral
    b) Chiral
    c) Linear
    d) Planar

15. What are stereoisomers?
    a) Isomers with different bonding arrangements
    b) Isomers with the same bonding sequence but different spatial arrangements
    c) Isomers with different molecular formulas
    d) Isomers that are superimposable

16. Enantiomers are:
    a) Isomers that have identical mirror images
    b) Isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images
    c) Isomers that differ in bonding arrangements
    d) Isomers with identical physical properties

17. The D and L designation of monosaccharides is based on:
    a) The position of the —OH group on the highest-numbered carbon
    b) The presence of an aldehyde or ketone group
    c) The length of the carbon chain
    d) The total number of hydrogen atoms

Fischer & Haworth Projections

18. In a Fischer projection, the most oxidized group is placed:
    a) At the bottom
    b) At the center
    c) At the top
    d) On the left

19. The Haworth structure of glucose forms a:
    a) Five-membered ring
    b) Six-membered ring
    c) Linear structure
    d) Branched polymer

20. Which monosaccharide forms a five-membered ring in its Haworth structure?
    a) Glucose
    b) Galactose
    c) Fructose
    d) Maltose

Chemical Properties of Monosaccharides

21. What is a reducing sugar?
    a) A sugar that forms dimers
    b) A sugar that can be oxidized to form a carboxylic acid
    c) A sugar that cannot be oxidized
    d) A sugar that lacks a hydroxyl group

22. Which reagent is used to test for reducing sugars?
    a) Benedict’s solution
    b) Iodine
    c) Silver nitrate
    d) Sodium hydroxide

23. Which sugar is NOT a reducing sugar?
    a) Glucose
    b) Fructose
    c) Sucrose
    d) Galactose

24. What is formed when a monosaccharide is reduced?
    a) Sugar acid
    b) Sugar alcohol
    c) Ketone
    d) Polysaccharide

Disaccharides & Polysaccharides

25. What monosaccharides make up lactose?
    a) Glucose + fructose
    b) Glucose + galactose
    c) Glucose + glucose
    d) Fructose + galactose

26. What type of glycosidic bond does maltose have?
    a) α(1→4)
    b) β(1→4)
    c) α(1→6)
    d) β(1→2)

27. Which polysaccharide is used for energy storage in animals?
    a) Cellulose
    b) Amylose
    c) Amylopectin
    d) Glycogen

28. What polysaccharide is the major structural component of plant cell walls?
    a) Glycogen
    b) Cellulose
    c) Starch
    d) Maltose

29. Why can humans digest starch but not cellulose?
    a) Starch is branched, while cellulose is linear
    b) Humans have enzymes to break α-glycosidic bonds but not β-glycosidic bonds
    c) Cellulose lacks glucose molecules
    d) Starch dissolves in water, while cellulose does not

30. What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin?
    a) Amylose is branched, while amylopectin is unbranched
    b) Amylose is unbranched, while amylopectin is branched
    c) Amylopectin is used for structure, while amylose is used for energy storage
    d) Amylopectin contains only ketose sugars