Lecture Notes CHEM20040

Learning Outcomes:

On completion of this module students should be able to:
1. describe the synthesis and mode of reaction mechanism of carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid chlorides, anhydrides, esters and amides.
2. predict leaving group ability.
3. explain the concept of aromaticity.
4. describe the use of a protecting group for multi-step organic synthesis.
5. outline a multi-step synthesis.
6. describe the mode of reaction of aromatic compounds.
7. predict the substituent effects on the reactivity of aromatic rings.
8. perform synthetic organic chemistry laboratory procedures safely.

Tutorials - 15

Exam written - 55

Lab - 30

Lecture 1.

Lectures 1 to 10. Chemistry of Carbonyl Compounds.

carbonyl compounds examples

• Vanillin

• Penicillin G

• Aspirin

Acetone in IUPAC naming is propanone

Hybridisation and the valence bond model.

Hybridisation is a concept where atomic orbitals (s, p, sometimes d) on the same atom mix together to form new, equivalent orbitals called hybrid orbitals.

Further away electrons are from the nucleus the more likely they are to become involved in bonding.

Atom of 6C

Lecture 2

slide 6 to 14 - Evans material.

Reactions of Carbonyl compounds

Type 1: Nucleophilic addition reaction.

The most common reaction fo carbonyl compounds is nucleophilic addition to C=O

• Whether these reactions are reversible or not depends on the identity of the nucleophile (Nu)

Product of methanal and water = Formplin, preserves biological tissue

Chloral - Mickey Finn story