Endocrine Structure & Function and Related Systems
LAB 39 – Endocrine Structure & Function
Endocrine glands and hormones
Endocrine glands secrete true hormones into the blood.
Options:
a. neurotransmitters
b. true hormones
c. paracrine substances
d. autocrine substances
Answer: b
Influence of true hormones
True hormones influence target cells around the body.
Options:
a. blood cells
b. the secreting cells
c. neighboring cells
d. target cells around the body
Answer: d
Hormone binding
Hormones bind to receptors on target cells.
Options:
a. phospholipids
b. synapses
c. receptors
d. vesicles
Answer: c
Endocrine vs. exocrine glands
The pancreas is an example of an endocrine gland that is also exocrine.
Options:
a. pancreas
b. thyroid
c. thymus
d. adrenal
Answer: a
Proximity of endocrine glands
The thyroid and parathyroid glands are in the closest proximity.
Options:
a. pancreas & thymus
b. thymus & thyroid
c. thyroid & parathyroid
d. pituitary & thyroid
Answer: c
Hormone storage
The endocrine gland that stores hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus is the posterior pituitary.
Options:
a. posterior pituitary
b. anterior pituitary
c. adrenal cortex
d. adrenal medulla
Answer: a
LAB 40 – Diabetic Physiology
Insulin production
The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce insulin.
Options:
a. alpha
b. beta
c. delta
d. PP
Answer: b
Type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes mellitus usually exhibits rapid onset.
Options:
a. occurs in older adults
b. affects 90% of diabetics
c. has gradual onset
d. has rapid onset
Answer: d
Location of insulin-secreting cells
Most insulin-secreting cells are located near the central portion of the islet.
Options:
a. scattered evenly
b. near the periphery
c. near the central portion
d. among exocrine cells
Answer: c
Beta cell occupancy
Beta cells occupy about 80% of the islet.
Options:
a. 1%
b. 5%
c. 15%
d. 80%
Answer: d
Onset of type 2 diabetes
The least influential factor in the onset of type 2 diabetes is sleep patterns.
Options:
a. sleep patterns
b. obesity
c. heredity
d. lack of exercise
Answer: a
Insulin levels
Insulin levels are highest directly after a meal.
Options:
a. during sleep
b. directly after a meal
c. between meals
d. when glucose is low
Answer: b
Prevalence of diabetes types
Type 1 diabetes occurs less often than type 2 diabetes.
Options:
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Risk factors for type 2 diabetes
Obesity and lack of exercise increase the risk for type 2 diabetes.
Options:
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
LAB 41 – Blood Cells
Function during bleeding
The formed elements that function mainly during bleeding are platelets.
Options:
a. erythrocytes
b. leukocytes
c. platelets
d. plasma
Answer: c
Classification of white blood cells
An agranulocyte is exemplified by a monocyte.
Options:
a. monocyte
b. neutrophil
c. eosinophil
d. basophil
Answer: a
Nuclear variation in WBCs
The white blood cell with the greatest nuclear variation is the monocyte.
Options:
a. monocyte
b. neutrophil
c. basophil
d. platelet
Answer: a
Nucleus presence in cells
The cell that lacks a nucleus is an erythrocyte.
Options:
a. erythrocyte
b. lymphocyte
c. monocyte
d. neutrophil
Answer: a
Nucleus structure
The cell that has a large nucleus filling most of the cell is a lymphocyte.
Options:
a. basophil
b. neutrophil
c. eosinophil
d. lymphocyte
Answer: d
Abundance of leukocytes
The most abundant leukocyte is the neutrophil.
Options:
a. basophil
b. eosinophil
c. neutrophil
d. monocyte
Answer: c
Allergic reactions
Eosinophils increase during allergic reactions.
Options:
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Erythrocyte classification
Erythrocytes are not granulocytes.
Options:
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
LAB 42 – Blood Testing
Hematocrit definition
The percentage of red blood cells in whole blood is called hematocrit.
Options:
a. plasma
b. hemoglobin
c. hematocrit
d. buffy coat
Answer: c
Centrifugation results
The layer containing leukocytes and platelets after centrifugation is the buffy coat.
Options:
a. plasma
b. erythrocyte layer
c. buffy coat
d. serum
Answer: c
Hemoglobin components
The heme portion of hemoglobin contains iron (Fe).
Options:
a. calcium
b. sodium
c. iron (Fe)
d. iodine
Answer: c
Oxygen binding in hemoglobin
Oxygen binds to the iron of hemoglobin.
Options:
a. globin
b. plasma
c. iron
d. fibrin
Answer: c
Oxygen dissociation curve
A shift left on the oxygen dissociation curve indicates that more O₂ is bound to hemoglobin.
Options:
a. more O₂ bound to hemoglobin
b. less O₂ bound
c. hemoglobin destroyed
d. no oxygen present
Answer: a
Hematocrit determination
Hematocrit is determined using a centrifuge.
Options:
a. microscope
b. slide
c. centrifuge
d. pipette
Answer: c
Coagulation process
Coagulation culminates in the formation of insoluble threads of fibrin.
Options:
a. fibrin
b. fibrinogen
c. thrombin
d. platelets
Answer: a
Normal coagulation timing
Coagulation should normally occur within 8 minutes.
Options:
a. 10 seconds
b. 1 minute
c. 8 minutes
d. 1 hour
Answer: c
Cholesterol levels
A normal total cholesterol level is less than 200 mg/dL.
Options:
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
HDL classification
HDL is not the “bad” cholesterol.
Options:
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
LAB 43 – Blood Typing
ABO blood group antigens
The antigens related to the ABO blood group are located on the red blood cell membrane.
Options:
a. on the red blood cell membrane
b. within the red blood cell nucleus
c. within the red blood cell cytosol
d. on the red blood cell ribosome
Answer: a
Antibody reaction
When B antibodies (anti-B) react with B antigens, agglutination occurs.
Options:
a. coagulation
b. agglutination
c. transfusion
d. proliferation
Answer: b
Rh factor prevalence
The D antigen related to the Rh factor is present in about 85% of Americans.
Options:
a. 4%
b. 38%
c. 47%
d. 85%
Answer: d
Universal donor blood type
Blood type O is considered the universal donor within the ABO blood group.
Options:
a. A
b. B
c. AB
d. O
Answer: d
Universal recipient blood type
Blood type AB is considered the universal recipient within the ABO blood group.
Options:
a. A
b. B
c. AB
d. O
Answer: c
Cross-matching implications
In cross-matching, if there is no agglutination, then a transfusion can safely be done.
Options:
a. a transfusion reaction will occur
b. a transfusion can safely be done
c. a transfusion cannot be safely done
d. RBC hemolysis will occur
Answer: b
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Hemolytic disease of the newborn could occur when there’s an Rh- mother & Rh+ fetus.
Options:
a. Rh+ mother & Rh- fetus
b. Rh- mother & Rh+ fetus
c. both Rh+
d. both Rh-
Answer: b
Common blood type in the US
Blood type B is not the most common in the United States.
Options:
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Blood type O characteristics
An individual with blood type O lacks both A and B antigens.
Options:
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
LAB 44 – Heart Structure
Heart structure
The inferior pointed tip of the heart is called the apex.
Options:
a. base
b. apex
c. septum
d. sulcus
Answer: b
Location of oxygen-rich blood
Oxygen-rich blood is located in the left-side chambers.
Options:
a. left-side chambers
b. right-side chambers
c. superior chambers
d. inferior chambers
Answer: a
Superior heart chambers
The two superior chambers are the atria.
Options:
a. ventricles
b. septa
c. atria
d. valves
Answer: c
Atrioventricular (AV) valve
The mitral valve is an example of an Atrioventricular (AV) valve.
Options:
a. aortic
b. pulmonary
c. semilunar
d. mitral
Answer: d
Heart chamber lining
The lining of the heart chambers is called the endocardium.
Options:
a. endocardium
b. myocardium
c. epicardium
d. pericardium
Answer: a
Left atrium and ventricle valve
The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is the mitral valve.
Options:
a. tricuspid
b. mitral
c. aortic
d. pulmonary
Answer: b
Types of heart valves
The aortic and pulmonary valves are classified as semilunar valves.
Options:
a. AV
b. bicuspid
c. tricuspid
d. semilunar
Answer: d
Pulmonary veins function
Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood.
Options:
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Pulmonary circuit purpose
The pulmonary circuit does not supply blood to body tissues.
Options:
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Right ventricle function
The right ventricle does pump blood to the lungs.
Options:
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
LAB 45 – Cardiac Cycle & ECG
Heart pacemaker
The pacemaker of the heart is the SA node.
Options:
a. SA node
b. AV node
c. bundle branches
d. Purkinje fibers
Answer: a
Ventricular wall fibers
The fibers located throughout the ventricular walls are Purkinje fibers.
Options:
a. AV node
b. left bundle branch
c. right bundle branch
d. Purkinje fibers
Answer: d
First heart sound (S1)
The first heart sound (S1) occurs when the AV valves close.
Options:
a. AV valves open
b. AV valves close
c. semilunar valves open
d. semilunar valves close
Answer: b
Components of a cardiac cycle
One cardiac cycle consists of atrial contractions then ventricular contractions.
Options:
a. ventricular contractions then atrial
b. atrial contractions then ventricular
c. simultaneous contraction
d. ventricular only
Answer: b
SA node location
The SA node is located in the right atrium.
Options:
a. right atrium
b. left atrium
c. left ventricle
d. right ventricle
Answer: a
QRS complex function
The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization.
Options:
a. atrial depolarization
b. ventricular depolarization
c. atrial repolarization
d. ventricular repolarization
Answer: b
Ventricular filling
During ventricular diastole, chambers fill with blood.
Options:
a. diastole
b. systole
c. contraction
d. ejection
Answer: a
“Dupp” sound
The “dupp” sound occurs when semilunar valves close.
Options:
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
P wave represents
The P wave represents atrial depolarization.
Options:
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
LAB 47 – Blood Vessel Structure, Arteries & Veins
Middle layer of blood vessels
The middle layer of blood vessels contains mostly smooth muscle.
Options:
a. connective tissue
b. epithelium
c. smooth muscle
d. nervous tissue
Answer: c
Arterial function
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
Options:
a. away from the heart
b. toward the heart
c. both directions
d. only oxygenated blood
Answer: a
Vessels with endothelium
Vessels containing only endothelium are capillaries.
Options:
a. veins
b. arterioles
c. venules
d. capillaries
Answer: d
Thickest heart wall
The thickest heart wall belongs to the left ventricle.
Options:
a. left atrium
b. right atrium
c. left ventricle
d. right ventricle
Answer: c
Direct branches of the aorta
The brachial artery is NOT a direct branch of the aorta.
Options:
a. coronary artery
b. brachiocephalic trunk
c. left subclavian artery
d. brachial artery
Answer: d
Vein locations
The brachiocephalic vein is NOT located in the neck.
Options:
a. vertebral vein
b. brachiocephalic vein
c. external jugular vein
d. internal jugular vein
Answer: b
Circle of Willis artery
The artery that is part of the circle of Willis is the anterior communicating artery.
Options:
a. anterior communicating artery
b. external carotid artery
c. facial artery
d. popliteal artery
Answer: a
Blood pressure comparison
Blood pressure in veins is lower than in arteries.
Options:
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Left ventricle function
The left ventricle does pump into the aorta.
Options:
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Pulmonary trunk classification
The pulmonary trunk is classified as an artery.
Options:
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
LAB 48 – Pulse Rate & Blood Pressure
Pulse wave origin
The left ventricle is responsible for the pulse wave in systemic circulation.
Options:
a. right atrium
b. right ventricle
c. left atrium
d. left ventricle
Answer: d
Palpation of pulse
The common iliac artery cannot be palpated on the surface.
Options:
a. facial artery
b. dorsalis pedis artery
c. common iliac artery
d. carotid artery
Answer: c
Common pulse site
The most common artery for pulse is the radial artery.
Options:
a. temporal
b. radial
c. popliteal
d. posterior tibial
Answer: b
Standard blood pressure artery
The standard artery for blood pressure measurement is the brachial artery.
Options:
a. brachial
b. carotid
c. femoral
d. posterior tibial
Answer: a
Hypertension indication
The blood pressure reading of 140/90 indicates hypertension.
Options:
a. 100/60
b. 110/76
c. 120/80
d. 140/90
Answer: d
Pulse location in thigh
The pulse in the upper medial thigh is found in the femoral artery.
Options:
a. popliteal
b. posterior tibial
c. common iliac
d. femoral
Answer: d
Using the thumb for pulse
False: You should not use your thumb to palpate pulse due to potential confusion with your own pulse.
Options:
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Pulse pressure calculation
True: Pulse pressure is defined as systolic minus diastolic.
Options:
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Capillary vs arterial pressure
False: Capillary pressure is not higher than arterial pressure.
Options:
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Stroke volume definition
False: Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped per heartbeat, not per minute.
Options:
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
LAB 49 – Lymphatic System
Lymph flow
Lymph flows into lymphatic collecting ducts before entering the bloodstream.
Options:
a. capillaries
b. collecting ducts
c. vessels
d. trunks
Answer: b
Drainage of right lymphatic duct
The right lymphatic duct drains the right upper quadrant.
Options:
a. right upper
b. left upper
c. right lower
d. left lower
Answer: a
Lymph node distribution
The fewest lymph nodes are found in the plantar region.
Options:
a. cervical
b. axillary
c. inguinal
d. plantar
Answer: d
Largest lymphatic organ
The largest lymphatic organ is the spleen.
Options:
a. thymus
b. tonsil
c. spleen
d. lymph node
Answer: c
Thoracic duct drainage point
The thoracic duct drains into the left subclavian vein.
Options:
a. right internal jugular
b. right subclavian
c. left internal jugular
d. left subclavian
Answer: d
Non-lymphatic organ
The thyroid is NOT a lymphatic organ.
Options:
a. tonsil
b. thymus
c. thyroid
d. spleen
Answer: c
Lymph flow during exercise
Lymph flows faster during exercise.
Options:
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Thymus aging
The thymus does not enlarge with age.
Options:
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Lymphatic capillary structure
Lymphatic capillaries are not open at both ends.
Options:
a. True
b. False
Answer: b