Grade 5 Science Revision Notes - First Term (2024/2025)

Flagellum: A long, whiplike structure that helps a cell to move.
Virus: A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and reproduces inside a living cell.
Bacteria's Role: In an ecosystem, bacteria that feed on dead organisms are known as decomposers.
Vacuole: The largest structure inside the plant cell; stores water, wastes, and food.
Bacteria Use: Yogurt and cheese can be produced by bacteria.
Bacterial Conjugation: Conjugation occurs when two bacteria cells come together and exchange genetic material.
Antibiotics: A chemical that can kill bacteria without harming a person’s cells.
Chloroplasts: Contain a green pigment called chlorophyll.

Mantle Layer: The solid, bendable layer of the mantle is the lithosphere.
Core Composition: Most parts of the core are made of iron and nickel.
Mantle Heat Transfer: The transfer of heat in the mantle drives a process called convection.
Crust Elements: The main elements of the rocks in the crust are oxygen and silicon.
Asthenosphere: The crust and the uppermost mantle do not form a single layer called the asthenosphere.
Outer Core: The outer core is a layer of molten metals.
Earth's Interior Layers: Earth’s interior is made up of 3 layers: crust, mantle, and core.
Pressure Increase: The deeper inside the earth’s interior, the higher the pressure becomes.
Core Composition (Inner and Outer): Both the inner and outer core are mostly made of iron and nickel.
Magnetic Field: Movement in the liquid in the outer core produces Earth's magnetic field.
Seismic waves: Seismic waves are indirect evidence that helped scientists to study Earth’s interior.
Oceanic Crust: The crust that lies beneath the ocean.

Crystallization: The process by which atoms are arranged to form a material that has a crystal structure.
Cleavage: A mineral that splits easily along a flat surface has the property called cleavage.
Quartz: Quartz is a mineral formed by magma or lava.
Granite: Granite is a light rock that has silica content.
Mineral Formation: Minerals formed in solutions and by evaporation, like gypsum.
Mineral Formation (Lava): Minerals formed as lava cools, like quartz.
Mineral Formation (Magma): Minerals formed as magma cools like diamond.
Gypsum Formation: Gypsum forms naturally as sulfate rich solutions evaporate.
Mineral Formation: Some minerals form from both organic and inorganic processes
Mineral Count: Only about 20 minerals make up most of the rocks of the Earth's crust.
Diamond Hardness: Diamond is the hardest known material on Earth.
Calcite: Calcite is not a soft mineral used in pencils.

Host Organism: An organism that provides a source of energy to the virus.
Ectotherms: Mammals are NOT ectotherms; their body temperature does not change with the environment to stay warm.
Placental Mammals: Whales are placental mammals.
Marsupials: Marsupials are mammals that carry their young in a pouch.
Monotremes: Monotremes are the only egg-laying mammals.

Cuticle: Covers the leaves and stems of vascular plants to reduce water loss.
Xylem Function: Xylem moves water and minerals up into the stem and leaves.
Stomata: A small opening on the underside of a leaf.
Phloem: The vascular Tissue that carries food made in the leaves to the other parts of the plant
Xylem: The xylem moves water and minerals from the roots up into the stem and leaves.

Arthropods: Invertebrates that have jointed legs and an exoskeleton that protects the body.

Formation: Formed when existing rocks are changed by heat, pressure, or chemical processes.
Example: Marble