Immigrants and WWII

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America Refuses Refugees

  1. Those fleeing Holocaust were denied access

   

  1. Quota Acts and Anti-Semitism
  2. Fear of economic competition from refugees during depression recovery
  3. Failure of the media to grasp and publish the full extent of what was going on 
  4. Failure of religious leaders to speak out 
  5. Fear of German spies
    1. FDR - eventually pressured to create War Refugee Board

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Internment 

  1. Executive Order 9066
  2. After Pearl Harbor, anti-Japanese sentiment flared in the US because of propaganda
  3. Based on unfounded fear of sabotage, thousands of loyal citizens were detained in internment camps

Court Cases

  1. Korematsu V United States: Court rules that the exclusion orders (not the internment) were ok
  2. Ex Parte Endo: COuld not detain people the government had admitted were before American Entry

August 1941

  • Cooperation between Britain and America 
  • FDR and Churchill meet to lay out plans for the post-war world
  • Angers American isolationists
  • Lend-lease aid goes to Britain and the Soviet Union 

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European Theather

  1. Germans are winning 39-42
  2. Stalingrad (11/42 -2/43

   

  1. The Soviets halt the German advance and then pushed the German army out of the Soviet Union 

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USA Joins War

  1. Battle of the Atlantic: Submarine Warfare 
  2. North African Campaign: Allies successfully launch an offensive under Eisenhower’s leadership 

   

  1. Hitler wanted resources, and the canal from Africa gives the Germans a major advantage

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Invasion of Italy 

  1. In July 1943, the Allies took Sicily
  2. This defeat toppled Mussolini from power, and Italy surrendered soon after
  3. The Allies were able to push North and took Rome in June 1944

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Second Front 

  1. Tehran Conference: Big three discussed the long-awaited opening of a second front in France
  2. Normandy invasion: 1.5 million American, British, and Canadian soldiers under Eisenhower’s leadership
  3. Paris liberated: Quickly move through the remainder of France and Belgium 

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End Game

  1. The big three meet to discuss the post-war world at the Yalta Conference (Germany split into two as a result)
  2. United Nations is formed
  3. Battle of the Bulge: Final 10-day German offense
  4. The bombing of German cities
  5. Soviet advances: arrive in Berlin first
  6. Who takes Berlin? (Berlin is split up between the 4 major powers)

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V-E DAY!

May 8th, 1945 

  1. The Germans surrendered and the European theater has ended

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Pacific Theater

  1. Japan continues to fight. They want more land and take over neighboring countries
  2. Pearl Harbor 12/41
  3. Empire: Philippines, Malaya, Singapore, Hong King, Guam, Thailand, Burma, Dutch East India
  4. May 6, 1942: The US surrender in the Philippines resulted in Bataan's “death march” (5000-11,000 POWs killed) 

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Tide Turns

  1. Coral Sea (5/42)
  2. Midway Battle (6/42): The real turning point in the war; the devastation of the Japanese fleet 

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Island-Hopping Strategy

  1. General MacArthur: The man in charge of retaking the Pacific
  2.  “Island Hopping” after Midway = brutal fighting, kamikaze attacks

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End Game in the Pacific

  1. US submarine campaign cuts off Japanese trade
  2. Massive bombing campaigns on civilian targets
  3. Unconditional surrender? Could the US have accepted Japanese conditions for surrender?

   

  1. Iwo Jima: 20,000 casualties
  2. Okinawa: 50,000 casualties
    1. Atomic Bombs

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V-J Day

  1. Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945, on the deck of the USS Missouri
  2. Japan surrendered after the use of 2 atomic bombs

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Hiroshima & Nagasaki

  1. Okinawa lessons: fight to the death
  2. Kamikaze and bushido: better to die than surrender
  3. Quick end (political advantage): End war without another American life
  4. Post-war statement: intimidate the soviets
  5. Possessed three

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No Atomic Bomb

  1. Defeated enemy
  2. Economic collapse
  3. Conditional surrender 
  4. Post-war statement
  5. Ethical???
  6. Most important - Russia had just declared war and invaded Manchuria 

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Diplomatic Conditions after War

  1. Cooperation and common goal (defeated Germans first)
  2. Ex

   

  1. Atlantic conference: Churchill and FDR, vision for postwar international order
  2. Casablanca: Churchill and FDR agree to invade Sicily and increase in the Pacific
  3. Tehran: Churchill and FDR promise a second front in exchange for Stalin in the Pacific
  4. Yalta: Churchill, FDR, and Stalin; conflicting views of power balance in postwar Europe

       1. Four-way division of Germany; United Nations 2. Potsdam: The big three negotiate for the terms in which WWII will come to an end

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Consequences of War

  1. New superpowers: THE US!!!!
  2. Divided Europe: East vs West (The iron curtain)
  3. Occupation of Germany and Japan
  4. Atomic Age

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Post World War II United States

  1. Endo fo isolation
  2. Collective Security

   

  1. UN
    1. Multilateral

   

  1. Marshall Plan: Give money to Europe so they don't become communist
  2. Economic Institutions

       1. Bretton Woods Conference (World Bank & IMF)