Week 7, Monday

Ant. And Lat. Leg and Dorsum of the Foot ppt.

Know the Osteology

Anterior Compartment Muscles:

  • Tibialis Anterior

  • Extensor Digitorum longus

  • Extensor Hallucis longus

  • Fibularis Tertius

  • All innervated by Deep Fibular nerve

  • All blood supply is Anterior Tibial Artery

  • All main action is Dorsiflex foot

Learn the O, I, N, Act, and Artery of each muscle

Extensor Retinaculum is thicker portions of superficial fascia super and inferior to the ankle

Tibial Artery changes name after passing “the invisible line drawn from Medial Malleolus to Lateral Malleolus, and changes to Dorsalis Pedis

Not everyone has a Fibularis Tertius

Lateral Compartment Muscles:

  • Fibularis Longus

  • Fibularis Brevis

  • Both innervated by Superficial Fibular nerve

  • Both blood supply is Fibular Artery

  • Both action is Everts Foot

Ligaments of the Lower Limb ppt

Superior to Inferior of anterior hip joint:

  • Iliolumbar ligament

  • Anterior sacroiliac ligament

  • Iliofemoral ligament

  • Pubofemoeral ligament

Posterior hip Superior to Inferior

  • sacrotuberous ligament

  • Tendon of rectus femoris

  • Ischiofemoral ligament

The hip Joint

  • Lunate surface (is like a crescent moon)

  • Acetabular notch (the gap of the lunate surface) contains the transverse acetabular ligament

  • Ligament of the head of the Femur

    • Fovea for ligament of head is where it goes into the head of the femur

    • Artery of the head of the femur travels with this and is a branch off the obturator artery

The anterior knee

  • anterior cruciate ligament goes from lateral posterior to medial anterior

  • Posterior cruciate ligament runs medial to lateral behind the anterior cruciate

  • Medial and lateral meniscus run transverse along the anterior side old the knee

  • Tibial collateral ligament runs down the medial side of the knee (blends with the medial meniscus at one point)

  • Fibular collateral ligament runs Down the lateral side of the knee

  • Posterior meniscofemoral ligament holds the lateral meniscus in place and runs on the lateral side of the PCL

  • Knee joint uses “weeping lubrication”. Cartilage acts like a hard, wet sponge: with pressure some synovial fluid leaks out, once the pressure is released the fluid soaks back into the cartilage.

The Ankle

  • ankle ligaments are named similar to the bones they attach

    • Anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament connects the Anterior/inferior tibia and fibula)

  • Lateral ligament of the ankle contains:

    • Anterior and posterior talofibular ligament

    • Calcaneofibular ligament

  • Medial Ligament of the Ankle (Deltoid ligament)

    • Ant. Tibiotalar

    • Post. Tibiotalar

    • Tibiocalcaneal

    • TIbionavicular

Hip joint main actions/ functions:

  • Iliofemoral and ischiofemoral = limit extension

  • pubofemoral = limits hyperextension and hyperabduction

  • Acetabular labrum = deepens the socket

  • Ligamentum Teres Capitis Femoris (aka Ligament of the head of the femur) = Carries the artery to the head of the femur form the Obturator

Knee Join main actions/ functions:

  • Tibial collateral ligament = Firmly attached to the margin of the medial meniscus

  • Fibular Collateral Ligament = Doesn’t attach to the lateral meniscus

  • Medial and Lateral Menisci = deepen the articular surface of the tibia and absorbs shock

  • ACL = limits hyperextension of the knee

  • PCL = limits hyperflexion of the knee

  • Posterior meniscofemoral ligament = Attaches to the lateral meniscus, preventing it from sliding laterally

Introduction to Embryology ppt

Overview of Fertilization

  • Ovary releases oocyte and moves with Cilia through the Uterine Tube where it is fertilized with sperm

    • Fertilized ovum is called a Zygote

    • 4-cell stage @2 days

    • Morula @ 3 days

    • Early blastocyst @ 4 days

    • implanting blastocyst @ 6 days

Week 1:

  • zygote undergoes rapid cellular division, to form Morula, then forming an early blastocyst (called blastogenesis)

  • Implantation in uterine

  • Differentiation of trophoblast cell

  • Spermatozoa unites with or fertilizes an oocyte

    • Once fertilized, the oocyte is a unicellular structure known as a Zygote

  • 30 hours after fertilization, the zygote undergoes cell division (mitosis), rapidly increasing the cells called Blastomeres

  • 3 days after fertilization = 12-32 blastomeres. Zygote is now called a Morula

  • 4 days after fertilization = enters uterus

    • A blastocystic cavity appears inside the morula, leading to the Morula now being called a blastocyst

  • The blastocystic cavity continues to fill with fluid, which separates the blastomeres into 2 parts:

    • Trophoblast = gives rise to embryonic part of placenta

    • Embryoblast = gives rise to the embryo

  • 6 days after fertilization = blastocyst attaches to the endometrial epithelium

    • The Trophoblast proliferates rapidly and differentiates into 2 layers

      • Cytotrophoblast (inner layer of wall)

      • Syncyliotrophoblast (facing the endo, outer layer)

        • This extends through the endometrial epithelium and invades the deeper connective tissue

  • By day 7, the blastocyst is superficially implanted in the endometrium

    • Syncytiotrophoblast produes enzymes that allows the blastocyst to burrow into the endometrium

    • a layer of cells (hypoblast) appears on the surface of the embryoblast, facing the blastocystic cavity

Week 2:

  • implantation is completed during this time

  • Rapid proliferation and differentiation of the trophoblast

  • Formation of the primary umbilical vescle, amniotic cavity and bilaminar embryonic disc

  • Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast

  • HCG maintains hormonal activity that supports the well-being of the blastocyst

  • A small space appears in the embryoblast

    • This space is the primordium of the amniotic cavity

    • The amniotic cavity is enclosed by a layer of cells or the amnion

  • The embryoblast continues to change, forming a nearly circular bilaminar plate of cells (embryonic disc)

    • Epiblast= faces the amniotic cavity

    • Hypoblast= faces the blastocystic cavity

Week 3:

  • Gstrulaion, Morphogenesis, Neurulation, Condensation of mesoderm

  • Gastrulation: formation of 3 germ layers

    • Bilaminar disc becomes Trilaminar disc

    • This is the beginning of Morphogensis (development into the body form)

    • Embryo can be called a Gastrula

    • 1st sign is the formation of the primitive streak

      • formed by the proliferation and miration of epiblast cells to the median part of the embryonic disc

    • Invagination of epiblastic cells from the primitive streak give rise to Mesenchymal cells that migrate between the epiblast and hypoblast

      • This process forms 3 layers of cells (or the trilaminar disc) which is comprised of 3 germ layers

      • Epiblast becomes the ectoderm

        • Gives rise to Epidermis and its appendages, CNS, PNS, and sensory epithelia of eyes and ears

      • Migrating epiblastic cells becomes Mesoderm

        • Gives rise to the dermis, skeletal and striated muscles, heart, blood cells; CT, bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

      • Hypoblast becomes endoderm

        • Gives rise to the epithelial lining of the body cavities, and the respiratory and digestive tracts