lvv exam review

Unit 1: Early Human Societies & The Road to Civilizations

1. MLA Format

  • In-Text Citations: Include direct quotes and paraphrases.

    • Example of direct quote: “Marshall is the cutest, good boy in the entire world” (Pritchard).

  • Works Cited: Alphabetical order.

  • Paraphrasing: Summarizing ideas from a source while still citing it; avoid copying text verbatim.

2. Timeline of Different Periods

  • Paleolithic Age: 3.5 million – 10,000 BCE

  • Neolithic Age: Beginning around 10,000 BCE

  • Bronze Age: Starting around 7000 BCE

  • Iron Age: Beginning around 1500 BCE

3. Homo Sapiens

  • Definition: Species to which all humans belong.

  • Origin: Believed to have first appeared in Africa around 200,000 to 150,000 years ago.

4. Anthropology

  • Definition: Study of human societies and cultures.

  • Five sectors: Social, Cultural, Philosophical, Linguistic, Economic.

5. Bering Land Bridge

  • Name of ice bridge used by early humans to enter North America.

6. Paleolithic Age

  • Known as the “Old Stone Age.”

  • Toolmaking with stone emerged.

  • Humans inhabited all continents except Antarctica; primarily hunted and foraged.

  • Social unit centered around family; art and sculptures began to emerge.

7. Neolithic Age

  • Known as the “New Stone Age.”

  • Key developments: Farming, private property, Neolithic Revolution.

  • People settled near water bodies, developed permanent settlements, and began agriculture.

  • Regulation of land and water use began, leading to initial law systems.

  • Significant role of agriculture for women.

8. Social Developments in Neolithic Age

  • Major breakthroughs for women due to involvement in agriculture.

  • Five major developments towards civilization: social organization, agriculture, permanent homes, private property, and systemized regulation of laws.

9. Urban Revolution

  • Definition: Development of large, diverse, densely populated settlements.

  • Time period: 4000-500 BCE.

  • Characterization: Advanced governance, private property, and trade systems.

Unit 2: Foundations of Ancient Greece

1. Influence on the English Language

  • Approximately 70% of the English language derives from Ancient Greek.

2. Concepts of Logos

  • Logos: Greek term for “word.”

    • Origins of terms:

      • Biology: bios = life

      • Theology: theous = god

      • Anthropology: anthropos = human

3. Nike

  • Goddess of victory in Greek mythology.

4. Aristotle

  • Major philosopher in Ancient Greece.

  • 3 Unities: Time, Place, Action (drama should occur in one day, at one location, and be focused on one topic).

  • Pillars of Persuasion: Logos (logic), Ethos (credibility), Pathos (emotion).

5. Idealized Realism

  • Art focus: Realistic portrayal without imperfections (scars, wrinkles).

6. Socrates

  • Philosopher, developed the Socratic Method: rigorous questioning to challenge assumptions.

  • Diagram: U.Q.I.A. (Understanding, Questioning, Interpreting, Answering).

7. Greek Periods

  • Archaic Period (7th to 6th century BC): Emergence of poetry and drama, myths featuring gods.

  • Classical Period (5th to 4th century BC): Major themes in tragedy, ethics, and political philosophy.

  • Hellenistic Period (4th to 1st century BC): Expanded cultural exchange post-Alexander the Great.

8. Homer's Odyssey

  • Homer as an influential writer, themes of heroism, determination, and hospitality.

  • Major characters: Odysseus, Penelope, Telemachus.

9. Rhetoric and Oratory

  • Rhetoric: Principles of persuasive communication.

  • Oratory: Practice and rationale of public speaking.

10. Koine

  • Term for “the common tongue” or language.

11. City-State in Hellenistic Period

  • Decline of traditional city-states; shift towards empires.

12. Museum at Alexandria

  • Preserved human knowledge in the Hellenistic era.

13. Greek Sculpture

  • Focus on human form.

  • Venus de Milo: Sculpture believed to depict Aphrodite, created by Alexandros of Antioch.

14. The Trojan War

  • Triggered by Helen's abduction; major figures: Helen, Menelaus, Agamemnon, Achilles.

  • Ended with the Trojan Horse strategy, leading to Troy's destruction.

Unit 3: Philosophers of Ancient Greece

1. Thales of Miletus

  • First philosopher, focused on natural philosophy.

  • Predicted solar eclipse in 585 BC.

  • Fundamental substance: Water; known for Thales' Theorem.

2. Anaximander

  • Contributions in cosmology; proposed the concept of the 'Infinite' as the source of all things.

  • Created one of the earliest maps of the world.

3. Anaximenes

  • Principal substance: Air; changes explained via air's density.

4. Heraclitus

  • Philosophy centered on constant change; famous quote: “You cannot step into the same river twice.”

  • Fundamental substance: Fire.

5. Pythagoras

  • Known for Pythagorean Theorem; believed in transmigration of souls (reincarnation).

6. Socratic Method

  • Method of inquiry through dialogue; focused on ethics and virtue.

7. Plato

  • Student of Socrates; believed in Theory of Forms (ideal abstract concepts).

  • Wrote The Republic, discussing justice and the role of the philosopher-king.

8. Allegory of the Cave

  • Illustrates the difference between reality and appearances; journey from ignorance to knowledge.

9. Aristotle

  • Student of Plato; founded The Academy.

  • Explored essence, actuality, and potentiality in metaphysics.

Unit 4: The Roman Republic & The Roman Empire

1. Foundation of Rome

  • Founded on April 21, 753 BC by Romulus and Remus, who were raised by a she-wolf.

2. Political Institutions

  • Senate: Council of elders; Popular Assemblies: Allowed citizen participation.

3. Consuls

  • Two consuls who served as chief executives and military commanders.

4. Praetors

  • Judges; included Praetor Urbanus (citizens) and Praetor Peregrinus (foreigners).

5. Roman Senate

  • Council of ex-consuls with significant influence; no legislative power.

6. Twelve Tables

  • Set of laws created to end the conflict between Patricians and Plebeians.

7. Conflict of Orders

  • Struggle between Patricians and Plebeians for political representation.

8. Supreme Roman God

  • Jupiter, associated with weather and the sky.

9. Punic Wars

  • Series of wars between Rome and Carthage, crucial for territorial expansion.

    • 1st War (264-241 BC): Control over Sicily; Treaty of Lutatius.

    • 2nd War (218-201 BC): Hannibal's invasion and subsequent battles; Treaty of Zama.

    • 3rd War (149-146 BC): Destruction of Carthage.

10. Social War

  • Conflict for Roman citizenship rights; ended with the Lex Julia.

11. Spartacus Uprising

  • Major slave rebellion from 75-71 BC led by Spartacus.

12. First Triumvirate

  • Alliance between Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar to gain political control.

13. Julius Caesar

  • Key military leader and dictator, known for crossing the Rubicon; assassinated in 44 BC.

14. Octavian/Augustus

  • Adopted son of Julius Caesar, established the Roman Empire and initiated Pax Romana.

15. Roman Principate

  • Marked the start of the Roman Empire, beginning in 27 BC.