nomadic empires

==Sources:==

^^Mongols weren’t writers or had any creative writing system, hence everything about the Mongolian history is known by travelogues , chronicles, documents produced by outsiders visiting Mongolia, hence their their views differed very much and hence the history they wrote was extremely biased^^

^^some wrote good things about the Mongols and others wrote about their wrath and cruelty.^^

^^the other source about Mongolian customs was the Yasa wrote by Genghis khan^^

^^researchers like Bastold and Vladimir did extensive research on the Mongolian empire^^

^^the secret history of the mongols^^

%%geography of mongolia%%

%%Mongolia, originally falls between china and russia%%

%%towards the west there are the Altai Mountains%%

%%on the southern end there is Gobi desert%%

%%the rivers Onon and Selenga drain in the desert, starting from the Altai mountains%%

%%In the middle there are steppe grasslands.%%

%%History of mongolia%%

==mongolia was divided into 5 tribes kiyat, tatan, khitan, manchu, menekid==

the winters were long and summers were dry and short, hence the place was not favorable for agriculture.

occupations of the mongols.

mongols lived in gers,

they were hunter gathereres and pastures

they were nomads, hence they kept moving from place to place, hence there were no cities in the region

before the rule of genghis khan, the major commerce of mongolia was with china, metals from china exchanged for fur, wool and horses of mongolia. the then powerful power, china would exert power on the mongolian steppe, though it affected them less, since they would retreat away from the zone of conflict and find themselves a new home, unlike the ones with fixed settlements, they’d have marginal losses.

outside intrusion has always harmed china, because of which for a dramatic visual testament, the chinese created the great wall of china.

the chinese always feared the nomadic raids on the agricultural societies of north china.

history of Genghis khan

genghis khan or temujin, was birthed on the banks of the Onon river in the year 1162

he was the son of Yesugei, chief of the Kiyat tribe.

the father was murdered by his twin brother Ong khan and temujin, his mother oelun- eke and younger step brother and brother boghruchu, were exiled from the tribe.

Temujin made a blood brother Jamuqa.

Temujin married borte, and conquered her clan

temujin defeated the menekid clan who kidnapped borte and conquered it too

later he defeated his blood borther jamuqa and then later his uncle ong khan, for the cases of betrayal in 1206

being the only dominating person left in mongolia, he was recognised by the chieftains (quriltai) and was hence name the great king or the genghis khan. he was also called the oceanic khan since he wanted to rule the oceans.

he reorganized the mongolian army with various new techniques, one of them being, formulating the army into decimals, which generally tricked the opposition army into thining the army was of few people, but in reality they were alot in number.

he started conquering china slowly,

with the use of naphta bombarding, he started attacking the great wall of china.

after finally breaching it, he learnt about seige engines and formualted catapult like mechanisms for a better throw of naphta bombs.

china was divided into three clans

the Xi Xia people in the north western region of china, they were of tibetan origin

the Chin dynasty which ruled the north of china

the sung dynasty who ruled the south of china

xi xia was conquered in 1209, the greatwall was breached in 1213

the chin dynasty was conquered in 1234, but genghis khan came back to mongolia in 1216, leaving it in the hands of the subordinates

the conquer of transoxiana.

genghis khan, sent his grandson to the sultan of khwarzm of transoxiana, to tell him to leave his position and let genghis khan rule, but he denied and sent the grandson’s head as a reply. hence to avenge the prince’s death he asked the army to burn the whole area down, so that it can never fruit again and not a single dog must bark.

genghis khan defeated russian forces at crimea and conquered the caspian sea.

he also came down to assam in india, but retreated due to heavy rains.

genghis khan was innovative and strategic persons, he converted the steppe grasslands into training centers, the army was well trained in horse riding, archery from the horse etc etc

they travelled light quickly.

these nomads upgraded themselves to defeat fortifications with seize engines and naphta bombs.

genghis khan died in 1227.