Genetics

1.  What are chromosomes?

They are thread-like structure located inside the nucleus that carry DNA.  They are tightly wound strands of DNA.

    2. Where are chromosomes found?

Nucleus 

3. Chromosomes are made up of?

DNA AND PROTEINS

    4. DNA stands for:  deoxyribonucleic acid

5. DNA is what determines our heredity. What is its shape called?

     Its shape is called a double helix.

6. What is the main function of DNA?

   The main function of DNA is to control the production of proteins as told by our DNA code.

7. Name the four Nitrogen Bases that make up the base of the DNA molecule.

1. Adenine

2. Thymine

3. Cytosine 

4. Guanine

7.  What pairs with Guanine?  Cytosine

8. What pairs with Adenine?  Thymine

9. Complete the DNA replication code:    G C T A A G C A

    C G A T T C G T

10. The cells in our body have to reproduce new cells (Human muscle cells, bone cells, nerve cells, etc.).

11. How many chromosomes are there in the nucleus?

    46

12. What is the process of making new body cells?

    Mitosis

13. How many body cells are made during each process of mitosis?  2 identical daughter cells

14. How many chromoskmes do Human Sex cells (eggs and gametes) have in their nucleaus?

    They have 23 chromosomes.

15. How many gametes are formed during the process of meiosis?

    4 gametes

16. Why must sex cells (gametes) have 23 chromosomes versus 46 chromosomes in the nucleus that body cells (somatic cells) have?

    This is because each parent gives 23 chromosomes.

17.  What is the 23^rd pair of chromosomes called? sex chromosomes

18. What two sex chromosomes make up a male? XY

19. What two sex chromosomes make up a female? XX

    
    20.

    

    Metaphase

    

    Prophase

    22.

    

    Telephase

    23.
    

Anaphase

24. Interphase: The cell grows, DNA is duplicated

25. 
    24. Prophase: DNA condenses and forms visible chromosomes. The nucleus dissolves and spindle fibers fowm.

    
    26. Metaphase: the chromosomes lined up in the middle of the cell, attached to the spindle fibers

    
    27.. Anaphase: Chromosomes are pulled toward opposite sides of the cell by spindle fibers

    
    28. Telophase: Nucleus membrane reforms around the chromosomes. Chromosomes unwind back into chromatin.

    
    29. Cytokinesis:  when the cytoplasm divides= two daughter cells

    
    30. What is a change in DNA or on the chromosome known as?

    A mutation

    31. Are all mutations bad?

No, some mutations may be good/positive by giving the organism an advantage or it could be neutral as is does not provide an advantage or disadvantage for the organism

32. How is sexual reproduction different from asexual reproduction?

33. Sexual reproduction will produce varity and requires a male and a female providing gametes to produce to offspring. Asexual reproduction will have organisms self fertilizer and reproduce without another member of the species which will discourage variety amongst species.

34. What does asexual reproduction produce?

    Offspring are genetically identical to the parent organism, resulting in clones that share the same DNA.

35. Mitosis is an example of what type of reproduction? 

Asexual reproduction.

34. What is Evolution?

The process by which different kinds or living organisms are thought to have developed and changed from earlier forms during the history of earth.

35. What is a major difference between natural selection and selective breeding?

Natural selection is heavily influenced by the nature. Nature identifies the best traits for survival.

Artificial Selection is selection in which humans identify the best traits and breed members of the species show the best traits.

36.  What causes natural selection?

    Variation/Difference

    Competition

    Inheritance

    Time 

    Adaptation

    37.  What did Darwin study about the finches?  What were these variations used for?

        Darwin studied the finches beaks. The beaks were different and were dependent on the source of food available on the island the finches were located on.

        
        38. What are the different pieces of evidence that support the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?

    Fossil Records

    Homologous Structures

    Vestigial Structures

    Embryology

    
    39.
    

    Evaluate the relationship between natural selection and evolution. How does one contribute to the other?

    Natural Selection is how individuals within a species have variation of traits that make them better suited to survive in their environment. These individuals who are able to survive and reach maturity reproduce and pass on these traits to their offsprings.

    Evolution is how species changes over time. Eventually there is enough time/distance and change that they no longer reproduce with the original species creating a new species.