Comprehensive Latin Vocabulary Guide: Booklets I and II (Lists 1-13)

Greetings, Interjections, and Foundational Verbs of Being and Action

Vocabulary List 1a and 1b focus on the most fundamental elements of Latin communication and basic daily movement. The primary interjections for greeting and parting are presented in both singular and plural forms: salve and salvete are used for "hello!" or "greetings!", while vale and valete are used for "goodbye!" or "farewell!". The verb "to be" is introduced in the third person, with est meaning "(he/she/it) is" or "there is", and its plural counterpart sunt meaning "(they) are" or "there are". The adverb non is used to signify "not".h

Other verbs describing primary actions include habitat, which denotes that someone "(he/she/it) lives" or "is living". Movement and basic activities are expressed through verbs such as ambulat and ambulant ("walks" or "walk"), currit and currunt ("runs" or "run"), and cenat and cenant ("eats, dines" or "eat, dine"). The verb for speech is introduced as inquit, meaning "(he/she/it) says". Foundational nouns include casa, meaning "house", via, signifying a "street, road; way", and servus, defined as "slave". The conjunction et is used to mean "and".

Movement, Domestic Life, and Emotional States

List 2 expands upon the vocabulary of the household and the physical or emotional state of individuals. Verbs introduced include intrat and intrant ("enters" or "enter"), festinat and festinant ("hurries" or "hurry"), and redit and redeunt ("returns" or "return"). New nouns include ancilla, meaning "slave-girl" or "maid", cena, representing "dinner", and vir, meaning "man".

Adjectives describing the status of these individuals include fessus and fessa, meaning "tired", laetus and laeta, meaning "happy" or "glad", and miser and misera, meaning "sad" or "miserable". The adverb mox is used to mean "soon", and the conjunction quod is defined as "because".

Collective Actions and Descriptions of Temperament

List 3 provides a variety of verbs related to interpersonal interaction and labor. These include iuvat and iuvant ("helps, is helping" or "help, are helping"), laudat and laudant ("praises, is praising" or "praise, are praising"), narrat and narrant ("tells, is telling" or "tell, are telling"), parat and parant ("prepares, is preparing" or "prepare, are preparing"), portat and portant ("carries, is carrying" or "carry, are carrying"), salutat and salutant ("greets, is greeting" or "greet, are greeting"), and vocat and vocant ("calls, is calling" or "call, are calling"). The noun aqua is introduced for "water". The adjective iratus and irata describes someone who is "angry", and the adverb subito defines an action that happens "suddenly".

Domestic Architecture and Sensory Perception

List 4 details the specific rooms within a Roman house and the verbs associated with perception and rising. The nouns identifying parts of the home include atrium ("atrium, hallway"), culina ("kitchen"), tablinum ("study, office"), and triclinium ("dining room"). Sensory and physical verbs include audit and audiunt ("hears, listens"), cantat and cantant ("sings"), exspectat and exspectant ("waits for"), and surgit and surgunt ("gets up, rises"). The list reiterates the adverb non ("not") and introduces quoque, meaning "also".

Agricultural Vocabulary and the Full Conjugation of the Verb to Be

List 5 (a) and 5 (b) introduce vocabulary related to the farm and the complete present tense conjugation of the irregular verb sum. Agricultural nouns include ager ("field"), arbor ("tree"), cibus ("food"), colonus ("farmer"), and fundus ("farm"). Verbs belonging to these lists include cado and cadere ("to fall"), laboro and laborare ("to work"), scribo and scribere ("to write, draw"), redeo and redire ("to return"), and video and videre ("to see"). The noun puer is defined as "boy, child", and the adjective saucius and saucia means "hurt".

The full present tense of the verb "to be" is provided as follows: sum ("I am"), es ("you [s.] are"), est ("he/she/it is"), sumus ("we are"), estis ("you [pl.] are"), and sunt ("they are").

Navigation, Interaction, and Narrative Timing

List 6 and List 7 cover more complex actions and broader environments. In List 6, verbs include ascendo and ascendere ("to climb"), audio and audire ("to hear, listen"), navigo and navigare ("to sail"), rogo and rogare ("to ask"), sentio and sentire ("to realise, feel, perceive"), and surgo and surgere ("to get up, rise"). Related nouns are navis ("ship") and terra ("land, earth, ground"). Adjectives include magnus and magna ("big, great") and nullus and nulla ("no, none"). Adverbs for timing include diu ("for a long time") and nunc ("now").

List 7 includes adest and adsunt ("is present" or "are present"), capio and capere ("to take, capture, seize"), clamo and clamare ("to shout"), dico and dicere ("to say, speak"), duco and ducere ("to lead"), effugio and effugere ("to escape, flee"), inquit ("[he/she/it] says"), and maneo and manere ("to stay, remain, wait"). The adjective multus, multa, and multum refers to "much" or "many".

Booklet II: Decisions, Familial Relations, and Intentions

Learning Vocabulary List 8 transitions into Booklet II, focusing on mental states and family hierarchy. Verbs include constituo and constituere ("to decide"), cupio and cupere ("to want, desire"), debeo and debere ("ought, must"), iubeo and iubere ("to order"), quaero and quaerere ("to seek, look for"), and venio and venire ("to come"). Familial nouns are pater ("father"), mater ("mother"), filius ("son"), and filia ("daughter"). Interrogatives and conjunctions include cur? ("why?") and quod ("because").

Movement Toward the City and Imperial Authority

List 9 focuses on movement and the presence of crowds or the emperor. The verbs are advenio and advenire ("to arrive"), mitto and mittere ("to send"), procedo and procedere ("to set out, advance"), and sedeo and sedere ("to sit"). The nouns introduced are imperator ("commander; emperor"), turba ("crowd"), and urbs ("city"). The adjective solus, sola, and solum means "alone". The preposition ad is used for "to, towards, at". Adverbs include lente ("slowly") and nunc ("now"), with the conjunction sed meaning "but".

Urban Centers, Social Interactions, and Finance

Lists 10 and 11 expand on urban life and financial status. In List 10, the verb amo and amare means "to love, like". Nouns are categorized by declension: clamor ($3$) meaning "shouting, uproar", femina ($1$) meaning "woman", forum ($2$) meaning "city centre, market place", and urbs ($3$) meaning "city". Practical terms hodie ("today") and tamen ("however") are also included.

List 11 includes the verb redeo and redire ("to return, go back"). Nouns include pecunia ($1$) for "money" and villa ($1$) for "villa, country estate". Temporal and conditional adverbs include diu ("for a long time"), statim ("immediately, at once"), ubi ("when"), and vix ("scarcely, barely").

Animals, Survival, and Observational Actions

List 12 introduces the verbs delecto and delectare ("to delight, please"), fugio and fugere ("to flee, escape"), and servo and servare ("to save"). The noun fera ($1$) refers to a "wild animal", and the adverb saepe means "often".

List 13 provides the verb specto and spectare ("to look at, watch") and the nouns pugna ($1$) meaning "(the) fight" and nuntius ($2$) meaning "messenger". The accusative pronoun eum is translated as "him". Descriptors and timing include the adverb fortiter ("bravely") and tandem ("at last, finally").

Prepositional Usage and Spatial Relationships

List 13 details the specific use of prepositions with both the accusative and ablative cases. Prepositions taking the accusative case include in ("into, onto"), ad ("to, towards, at"), per ("through"), and prope ("near"). Prepositions requiring the ablative case include in ("in, on"), cum ("with"), and e/ex ("out of, from").