Unit 2 Exam Review AP Bio

Unit 2 Exam Review

  1. Function of Golgi Apparatus

-Functions of the Golgi include the correct folding and chemical modification of newly synthesized proteins and packaging for protein trafficking.

  1. Function of Ribosome

-Ribosomes comprise ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein. Ribosomes synthesize protein according to mRNA sequence.

  1. Know what ribosomes look like on rough ER

  1. Know how the folding of the inner mitochondrial membrane benefits a eukaryotic cell

-The folding of the inner membrane increases the surface area, which allows for more ATP to be synthesized.

  1. How does Surface Area to Volume ratio affect rate of exchange

-Smaller cells typically have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio and more efficiently exchange materials with the environment

  1. More efficient animal kidneys require less water for waste excretion

-Organisms have evolved highly efficient strategies to obtain nutrients and eliminate wastes. Cells and organisms use specialized exchange surfaces to obtain and release molecules from or into the surrounding environment.

  1. Location of cholesterol in animal cells

-Cholesterol is a nonpolar steroid that can be found embedded in the membrane between phospholipids.

  1. The hydrophilic polar phosphate groups of the phospholipid molecules orient toward the polar internal and external aqueous environments, forming a bilayer that keeps the hydrophobic portions of the phospholipids away from the polar molecules.

  1. How does CO2 enter the cell

-Carbon dioxide is a small molecule without a charge and so can pass through a cell membrane by simple diffusion.

  1. On a diagram, identify site of transport of materials into and out of cell

-The structure of cell membranes results in selective permeability.

  1. The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis require energy to move large molecules into and out of cells- a. In exocytosis, internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete large macromolecules out of the cell. b. In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.

  1. How are simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion related

-both depend on a concentration gradient

  1. If ATP breakdown (hydrolysis) is inhibited, there can be no passage of a solute against its concentration gradient.

-Metabolic energy (such as from ATP) is required for active transport of molecules and/or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients.

  1. Membrane proteins are necessary for active transport
  2. Observation from this figure - The movement of water from the central vacuoles of the cells into the solution

  1. What will happen if an IV of distilled water is administered to a patient?

-The cells that are exposed to hypotonic solutions will expand as water moves osmotically into the cells from the blood.

  1. Characteristics of the active transport pump used to move sodium ions across the membranes of gill cells in a freshwater fish

-It requires energy. It has a specific binding site for ATP. It has a specific binding site for sodium ions. It is a protein.

  1. A variety of processes allow for the movement of ions and other molecules across membranes, including passive and active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis. In diagram, molecular substances are being actively transported across the plasma membrane

  1. Advantage of eukaryotic cells having internal membranes

-Membranes and membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells compartmentalize intracellular metabolic processes and specific enzymatic reactions.

  1. a feature shown in the diagram that is unique to archaea and bacteria

Prokaryotes generally lack internal membrane-bound organelles but have internal regions with specialized structures and functions.

  1. Prokaryotic cells lack a nuclear envelope