IPC Exam Notes
Electric Fields
A region where a charge experiences a force due to other charges.
Examples: X-rays and light.
Resistance
The opposition a material offers to the flow of electric current.
Analogy: Pushing a car uphill.
Grounding
Process of transferring electrons between a charged object and a larger object (like Earth) to neutralize the charge.
Example: A pole connected to a house that transfers lightning to the ground.
Electric Charge
A fundamental property of matter causing it to experience a force in an electromagnetic field.
Example: Rubbing hair on a balloon.
Lightning
A natural electrical discharge between opposite charges.
Occurs within a cloud, between different clouds, or between a cloud and the ground.
Explanation: Build-up of static electricity in clouds that discharges to the Earth.
Parallel Circuit
An electrical circuit with multiple components connected between the same two points.
Creates multiple paths for current flow.
Series Circuit
A circuit with one path and one branch
Example: A flashlight.
Voltmeter
An instrument that measures voltage or potential difference between two points in a circuit.
Electroscope
An instrument for detecting the presence of electric charge or ionizing radiation.
Current
The flow of electrical charge carriers, usually electrons or electromagnetic atoms.
Fuse
A device containing a metal piece that melts when overheated to open a circuit.
Insulator
A material through which electrons do not flow easily.
Direction of Electric Charge Flow
Electric charges flow from negative to positive areas.
voltage difference
The force or push that causes electric charges to move.
Kinetic Energy
An object that has kinetic energy must be in motion
Gravitational Potential Energy
The blank of an energy of the blank energy of an object increases with its height.It's the gravitational potential
Power
The rate at which work is done.
Photosynthesis
Green plants convert light energy from the sun into chemical potential energy.
Balanced Forces
A group of students is playing tug of war. The students on both sides of the rope are pulling with equal force so that the rope is not moving.
Forces are equal so that the rope is not moving.
Reference Point
An indicator that orients you when describing motion
Instantaneous Speed
The speed you read on a speedometer
Chemical Equations
s = solid.
Catalysts: Substances that speed up chemical reactions.
aq = aqueous (dissolved in water).
Product: Each substance to the right of an arrow in a chemical equation.
Balanced Chemical Equations
Have the same number of atoms for each element on each side of the equation.
Coefficients
Numbers that go before symbols and formulas in a chemical equation.
Valence Electrons
Electrons that are lost, gained, or shared in chemical bonds.
Chemical Stability
Most atoms need eight electrons in their outer energy levels to be chemically stable; each has two.
Triple Bond
Six electrons are shared ().
Single Bond
Two electrons are shared.
Atomic Number
Determined by the number of protons only.
Atom's Nucleus
Made of protons and neutrons.
Law of Conservation of Mass
Mass is not lost or created during a chemical change.
Gas
Matter in which the particles are free to move in all directions until they have spread out evenly throughout their container.
Compound
A type of matter formed by chemically joining two or more elements.
Solid
Matter that has a definite volume and definite shape.
Evaporation
Describes the particles when they escape from the surface of a liquid and become gaseous.
Heating Matter
As a sample of matter is heated, its particles move more quickly.
Constant
A factor that does not change in an experiment experiment
Graphing Variables
Dependent variable goes on the y-axis.
Independent variable goes on the x-axis
Circle Graph
Best type of graph to show the percentages of a whole.
Control Group
The part of an experiment that serves as a standard for comparison.
Hypothesis
A testable prediction that predicts a cause and effect relationship between variables.