ENDOCRINE-RECALLS-1

  • Hormones: Chemical messengers produced by glands in the endocrine system that regulate various bodily functions such as metabolism, growth, and mood.


  • C. C5-T1

    D. The right and left superior and inferior arteries anastomose extensively within the gland

    4. Main Blood Supply of Parathyroid Gland: inferior thyroid arteries 5. Position of superior parathyroid glands: 1 cm superior to the inferior parathyroid gland 6. In approximately 10% of people, a small, unpaired thyroid ima artery (L. arteria thyroidea lma) arises from the brachiocephalic trunk; however, it may arise from the arch of the aorta or from the right common carotid, subclavian, or internal thoracic arteries 7. True regarding Thyroid IMA Artery

    D. Often arises from the brachiocephalic trunk

    B. More than 1 cm superior to the of entry of the inferior thyroid arteries A. More than 1 cm inferior to the point of entry of the inferior thyroid arteries C. More than 1 cm superior to the point of entry of the superior thyroid arteries D. More than 1 cm inferior to the point of entry of the superior thyroid arteries B. Superomedial A. Inferomedial to kidney and diaphragm C. Inferolateral D. Superolateral

    B. Enclosed by adrenal fascia on top of kidneys

    C. Related to pancreas, stomach, spleen

    C. Hilum A. Anteromedial portion B. Anterolateral portion D. Exit the gland from multiple sites A. Right Suprarenal vein drains to IVC B. Right Suprarenal vein drains to Right Renal Vein C. Left Suprarenal vein drains to IVC

    A. Inferior Phrenic Arteries

    C.Renal Artery

    B. Abdominal Aorta

    ANATOMY (Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenals) // HISTO (Endocrine System)

    1. Which level of the vertebrae is the thyroid hormone located

    A. C2-C3

    B. C3-C4

    D. T2-T3

    2. True regarding the arterial supply of the thyroid glands:

    A. The superior artery descends to the superior poles of the glands and divides into superior and anterior branches.

    B. The inferior artery runs superomedially anteriorly to the carotid sheath to reach the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland.

    C. FORGOT THIS ONE

    3. The correct flow of venous drainage in the thyroid gland.

    a. Superior thyroid vein - Brachiocephalic vein

    b. Middle thyroid vein - IJV

    c. Inferior thyroid vein - IJV

    d. Superior thyroid vein - Brachiocephalic vein anterior to the manubrium

    A. This small artery ascends to the posterior surface of the trachea, supplying small branches to it

    B. Present in approximately 5% of people

    C. A paired artery

    8. True about superior parathyroid gland 9. Anatomic location of the Adrenal gland 10. Which of the following is true about suprarenal glands?

    A. Connective tissue surrounded by perinephric fat

    C. Reddish in living people

    D. Major attachment is the kidney

    11. True regarding left suprarenal

    A. Pyramidal in shape

    B. Has a hilum where arteries and veins exit (or enter?)

    D. more apical relative to kidney

    12. Which of the following does the veins and lymphatics exit the suprarenal gland? 13. What is the correct venous drainage of Suprarenal Gland? 14. Origin of Superior suprarenal artery

    B. Abdominal Aorta

    C. Renal arteries

    15. What is the origin of the inferior suprarenal artery?

    A.Inferior phrenic arteries

    B.Abdominal aorta

    16. Origin of Middle suprarenal arteries

    A. Inferior Phrenic Arteries

    C. Renal arteries

    17. True statement of the venous drainage of Suprarenal Gland

    A. Right Suprarenal vein is shorter than Left suprarenal vein B. Left directly drains to IVC C. Left suprarenal vein is joined with inferior phrenic (arteries) D. Right is Larger than Left

    C. T10-T11

    C. Spleen A. Skeleton B. Kidney D. Intestine

    A. Hypophyseal pouch

    B. Supraoptic nucleus A. Paraventricular nucleus C. Anterior thyroid D. Posterior thyroid C. Somatostatin A. TSH B. .. D. …

    D. Pars Nervosa

    A. zona glomerulosa B. zona fasciculata, C. zona reticularis

    D. Epinephrine and norepinephrine

    26. About chromaffin cells in adrenal medulla: secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine 27. type 1 diabetes- which cells are targeted: beta cells 28. Which hormone release by the pancreas stimulates the activity of gastric chief cells, inhibits pancreatic secretion, and promotes intestinal motility D. Pancreatic polypeptide A. Glucagon B. Insulin C. Gastrin

    A. T3

    A. Melatonin B. Melanin C. ACTH D. Cortisol

    B. Colloids of thyroid

    C. C cells A. Thyrocytes B. Thyrotrophs D. Chief cells B. osteoblasts that stimulates osteoclasts A. osteoblasts that inhibits osteoclasts C. direct inhibition of osteoclasts D. direct stimulation of osteoclasts

    C. Pineal gland

    A. Stimulate calcium reabsorption and inhibit phosphate reabsorption. B. Inhibit calcium reabsorption and stimulate phosphate reabsorption. C. Stimulates calcium and phosphate reabsorption.18. The presynaptic sympathetic nerves of the suprarenal (adrenal) gland originate from which part of the spinal cord, passing through without synapsing?

    A. T8

    B. L1-L2

    19. PTH react on these organs except 20. The anterior pituitary gland arises from which embryological structure?

    B. Diencephalon

    C. Hypothalamus

    D. Notochord

    21. Where does ADH hormones synthesized? 22. Which of the following is a Inhibitory.. 23. This portion of the pituitary gland is composed of neural tissue, unmyelinated axons, and glial cells.

    A. Pars Intermedia

    B. Pars Distalis

    C. Pars Tuberalis

    24. Aldosterone is secreted from? 25. What hormones are secreted by adrenal medulla?

    A. Dehydroepiandrosterone

    B. Aldosterone

    C. Cortisol

    29. What hormone is produced in the thyroid gland?

    B. Tsh

    C. Trh

    D. Pth

    30. What hormone is produced in the pineal gland? 31. Where is the thyroid hormone stored

    A. Herring bodies

    C. In thyrocyte

    D. In thyrotropes

    32. These cells secrete calcitonin in response to elevated blood calcium levels. 33. Parathyroid gland target on what cell type? 34. In what gland can you find corpora arenacea?

    A. Prostate

    B. Ovary

    D. Adrenal gland

    35. What is the effect of parathyroid hormone in the kidneys?

    C. Circadian Rhythm A. Tonic Control B. Negative Control D. Autocrine Control

    A. Excretion of urine volume output

    D. Stimulates the liver to form somatomedin (IGF-1) A. Stimulated by somatostatin released from the hypothalamus B. Increases when blood glucose levels increases C. Increases the size of the pituitary gland A. regulate release of thyrotropic hormone B. regulate release of oxytocin C. pass down axon to reach anterior pituitary gland D. have effect on 1 pituitary gland only A. Pass through neuron Axon to the anterior pituitary B. May produce only one hormone in the pituitary C. … D. Affect oxytocin

    - carries hypophysiotropic hormones to the anterior pituitary gland to regulate the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

    D. Prolactin A. ACTH B. TSH C. ..

    B. Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated

    B. Neural A. Humoral C. …. D. Positive feedback

    C. Bind to cell membrane receptor

    A. VPG 2, AQ2

    D. All of the above

    13. True about Oxytocin: Oxytocin promotes uterine contractions and milk ejection 14. Growth hormone in an adult male that can present with: B. thickening of cartilaginous tissue A. longitudinal growth extremity C. Hypoglycemia D. Low IGF-1 level A. Oral ectoderm (Rathke’s pouch) B. Mesoderm C. Neural Ectoderm D. Endoderm

    D.Inhibits calcium and phosphate reabsorption.

    PHYSIO

    1. In a normal female, cortisol levels are highest early in the morning and maximal at 4:00 in the afternoon. 2. Vasopressin (ADH) deficient exhibits:

    B. Decreased drinking of water

    C.increased blood volume

    D. Decrease plasma osmolality

    3. Growth hormone secretion: 4. releasing of hormones from hypothalamus: 5. Stimulating hormones from the hypothalamus 6. The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system: 7. Tumor in the hypothalamus that blocks the hormones from reaching the anterior pituitary,., Which of these hormones will be secreted in large amounts? 8. A small molecule binds to a G Protein, preventing its activation. What direct effect will this have on the signaling that involves cAMP?

    A. A hormone will not be able to bind to the hormone receptor

    C. Excessive quantities of cAMP will be produced

    D. Phosphorylation will be initiated

    9. A lady who was involved in an accident and wasn’t hurt explained retina dilation and increased in Heart rate. What is the stimuli for the endocrine system? 10. Structure of a newly discovered hormone shows that it is a large peptide with glycosylated subunit. The hormone is likely to:

    A. Bind to DNA and affect gene translation

    B. Bind to adenylate cyclase and stimulate protein kinase c

    D. Be secreted intact in the urine

    11. Renal effects of arginine vasopressin (ADH) is mediated by 12. Which of the following affects hormones?

    A. Changes in minerals and nutrients in the body

    B. Pituitary tumor

    C. Transatlantic flight

    15. The anterior Pituitary originates from which of the following embryonic layers? 16. What is the primary role of vasopressin (ADH)? A. Stimulate milk production

    B. Regulate osmolarity by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys C. Promote protein synthesis D. Stimulate glucose release from the liver B. Insulin A. ADH C. ACTH D. Parathyroid hormone C. Oxytocin secretion must take place A. Myoepithelial cells must relax B. Prolactin level fall B. ADH A. ACTH C. LH D. All of the above D. All of the above A. Location: anterior (trachea) and inferior (larynx) B. Parathyroid glands is embedded within it C. Produces three hormones 21. Where does majority of ketone bodies accumulate? bloodstream 22. Iodide ion cross from the bloodstream into follicle cell via…?

    C. Secondary active transport (sodium-iodide symporter)

    A. Chromaffin Cell

    B. Abnormally high levels of cortisol

    25. Deficiency of 21-hydroxylase: congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH); virilization 26. Which of the following is seen in a patient with HYPERTHYROIDISM?:

    -Increased heart rate (tachycardia)

    -Weight loss despite increased appetite

    -Heat intolerance and sweating

    -Tremors and nervousness

    -Exophthalmos

    -Increased levels of T3 and T4 with decreased TSH

    A. Decreased effective blood circulation, increased renin-angiotensin activity, increased aldosterone release B. Increased blood volume, increased renin-angiotensin activity with inhibition of aldosterone release C. Decreased plasma fluid retention, decreased renin-angiotensin activity, D. Hyponatremia, decreased renin-angiotensin activity

    B. Cortisol binds to intracellular receptors, follows a circadian rhythm with a peak in the early morning, and is secreted at a rate of 15–30 mg/day in healthy adults.

    D. Average intake is 5 mg, with a peak at 9AM.

    D. Increased TSH

    A. Pancreatic Lipase17. Which of the following hormone has an enzyme-link receptor 18. Milk .... from the mother nipple into the mouth of the nursing infant. Which of the following occurs. 19. Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body’s fluids and electrolyte balance? 20. What is true regarding thyroid glands

    A. Simple diffusion

    B. Facilitated diffusion

    D. Antiport

    23. What secretory cell type is found in the adrenal medulla?

    B. Neuroglial Cell

    C. Follicular Cell

    D. Oxyphil Cell

    24. Cushing’s disease is a condition caused by…

    A. Abnormally low levels of cortisol

    C. Abnormally low levels of aldosterone

    D. Abnormally high levels of aldosterone

    27. Alcohol patient presented to the emergency room with distended abdomen, fever. Patient was diagnosed with alcoholic cirrhosis and ascites. Which describes fluid mechanism in the patient? 28. Which of the following statements about cortisol is correct? 29. Which of the following statements is true about cortisol?

    A. Average intake is 15 mg, with a peak at 9AM.

    B. Average intake is 5 mg, with a peak at 12AM.

    C. Average intake is 10 mg, with a peak at 9AM.

    30. Which of the following is inconsistent with the diagnosis of grave’s disease?

    A. Increased heart rate

    B. Increased T3

    C. Increased T4

    Biochem

    1. Which of the following breaks down lipids in the intestine?

    B. Acyl-CoA A. Pyruvate C. Acetyl-CoA D. Citrate

    B. Emulsification of dietary fatty acids

    B. Acetyl-CoA A. Pyruvate C. Malonyl-CoA D. Oxaloacetate A. Triacylglycerol B. LDL A. HDL C. VLDL D. Chylomicron A. serves as a receptor ligand for LDL uptake into cells C. Hypercholesterolemia A. Hyperlipidemia B. …. D. ….… C. Ketone Bodies A. Glucose B. ….. D. …… B. Triacylglycerol A. Free Fatty Acid C. Cholesteryl Ester D. Phospholipid 11. What type of transport is involved in NIS?: Secondary active transport 12. Which organ is primarily responsible for the production of ketone bodies?

    B. Liver

    13. A condition with high acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate: Diabetic ketoacidosis 14. Which enzyme is the rate limiting step in ketogenesis?

    B. HMG- CoA synthase

    C. Phospholipid metabolism A. Energy production of citric acid cycle B. Fatty acid degradation C. Sphingomyelin (Niemann-Pick disease) A. Ceramide B. Gangliosides D. Free fatty acid A. Tay sachs B. Neiman C. Gaucher's disease D. fabry 18. What metabolic pathway is disrupted in Gauchers disease? sphingolipid metabolism pathway 19. Which condition causes accumulation of gangliosides of long-chain- fatty substances? C. tay sachs A. Adrenoleukodystrophy B. Diabetic ketoacidosis D. Gaucher's dsw

    B. Malonyl-CoA inhibits beta-oxidation

    B. Hormone sensitive lipase A. HMG reductase C. Acetyl carboxylase 22. What is the function of insulin in Beta oxidation?: Insulin inhibits beta-oxidation2. What is the first molecule formed during fatty acid metabolism? 3. What does bile salts do to lipid metabolism?

    A. Hydrolyzing triglycerides

    C. Transporting free fatty acid

    D. Synthesizes cholesterol

    4. Which of the following is a precursor of fatty acid synthesis? 5. Major lipid in chylomicrons: 6. Which Lipoproteins has the highest concentration 7. Role of apo-B100 8. A person with LDL will most likely have which of the following conditions? 9. In prolonged fasting, the brain's primary source of energy is? 10. In what form are lipids stored in adipocytes?

    A. Brain

    C. Muscle

    D. Kidney

    A. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

    C. Carnitine acyltransferase 1

    D. Lipoprotein lipase

    15. Function of glycerol-3-phosphate 16. Deficiency in sphingomyelinase leads to the accumulation of what fat/lipid? 17. Which disease has a characteristic of increased gangliosides due to hexosaminidase A? 20. Role of malonyl-CoA in beta oxidation 21. Most active during fasting