W11, L1

Final Test Logistics and Revision Details

  • Course Grade Weighting: The final test is worth 30%30\% of the total course grade.
  • Timing and Availability:
    • The test opens on Monday, May 25 at 5:00 PM.
    • It will remain open for one full week, closing the following Monday, which is King's Birthday.
    • The test is not timed; students have the entire week to complete it.
  • Format and Requirements:
    • There are five questions provided; students must answer exactly three of them.
    • For MAOR 212 and HIST 262 students: Each answer should be between 800800 and 1,0001,000 words and include a minimum of three references.
    • For HIST 379 students: Each answer should be between 1,0001,000 and 1,2001,200 words and include a minimum of five references.
  • Test Themes and Revision Hints:
    • Question 1: Social Development. Covers education, criminal justice, and health. Students should focus on the specific type of social development they find most interesting.
    • Question 2: Cultural Development. Based on Week 9 lectures and readings. Focuses on why cultural development is important.
    • Question 3: Environmental Development. Based on Week 10. Focuses on major challenges and responses within environmental development.
    • Question 4: Leadership. Based on Week 11. Focuses on how leaders respond to the specific needs of their times.
    • Question 5: Applied Examples. Focuses on specific examples of Māori development that inspired the student during the course.

Pre-Contact Māori Leadership Structure and Values

  • Definition of "Pre-Contact": Refers to Māori society prior to the arrival of Europeans in Aotearoa New Zealand.
  • Foundations of Leadership: Leadership was largely based on Whakapapa (genealogy), though it was not exclusively hereditary. Rules were not entirely rigid; capability and personal qualities also played a role.
  • Māori Social Groupings: Pre-contact society was primarily organized into Hapū (sub-tribes). The concept of Iwi (tribes) as a primary organizational structure is considered more of a post-contact development.
  • Key Leadership Roles:
    • Ariki: The paramount chief who spoke for or led clusters of Hapū or Iwi.
    • Rangatira: The leader of a specific Hapū (sub-tribe).
    • Tohunga: Experts in specific fields, including spiritual matters, Whakapapa (genealogy), or specific arts and practices.
    • Kaumātua: Elders who served as holders of knowledge and wisdom.
  • Characteristics of Pre-Contact Leadership:
    • Collective Decision-Making: While a Rangatira led, decisions were ultimately made by the collective.
    • Mandate of the People: A leader's authority depended on the continued support and recognition of the community.
    • Capability Over Birthright: Even if a role was inherited through Whakapapa, the leader had to demonstrate practical capability.
    • Gender Inclusion: Rank and authority followed both male and female lines; leadership was not exclusively male.
    • Relational and Layered: Influence was overlapping among Ariki, Rangatira, and Tohunga.
    • Fluidity of Mana: A leader's Mana (prestige/power) could grow through success and generosity or be diminished through poor leadership.
  • Example: Hine Amaru:
    • Lived approximately 400400 years ago and is an ancestor of Ngāti Kahu and Ngāti Hine.
    • She became a Rangatira upon her mother's death because she was the eldest child and possessed the required leadership qualities.
    • Led a major journey from the Hokianga to the Bay of Islands, discovering the Waiomio Valley (the "Cradle of Ngāti Hine").
    • Known for exploration, agricultural skills, and a nurturing, future-focused approach to her people's well-being.

Nineteenth Century (1800s) Māori Leadership

  • Political Context: The signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 marked the shift into the post-contact era.
  • Evolving Roles: Traditional roles (Ariki, Rangatira, Tohunga, Kaumātua) remained but shifted toward achievement-based leadership. Leaders were often highly charismatic.
  • Prophetic Movements: This era saw the rise of charismatic Māori prophets who were often pan-tribal (spanning several Iwi). Key figures included:
    • Te Kooti Arikirangi
    • Te Ua Haumēne
    • Te Whiti o Rongomai
    • Tohu Kākahi
  • The Eight Qualities of Leadership (Pūmanawa): Outlined by Wiromu Maihi Te Rangi Kāheke (Ngāti Rangiwewehi/Te Arawa) in his work Te Tikanga o Te Rangatiratanga o Te Māori (1840):
    • He Toa: Bravery.
    • Kōrero Taua: War speeches.
    • Mahi Kai: Food procurement.
    • Tangohanga: Feasts of celebration.
    • Pupuri Pāhi: Restraining the departure of visiting parties.
    • Kōrero Rūnanga: Council speeches.
    • Kōrero Manuhiri: Welcoming guests.
    • Atawhai Pāhi / Etirahi: Looking after visitors, regardless of group size.

Twentieth Century (1900s) Māori Leadership and Politics

  • Contextual Backdrop: Following the Land Wars of the 1860s1860s and 1870s1870s, Māori were navigating a new economy and loss of land. The twentieth century was defined by the rise of the educated, transformational national leader.
  • The Young Māori Party (Formed 1909):
    • Emerged from the Te Aute College Students Association.
    • Shifted the focus from the Treaty of Waitangi and political autonomy to pursuing Māori aims through mainstream politics.
    • Influenced by the concept of "Brown Britons"—promoting assimilation as a means of survival.
  • Key Political Figures:
    • Tā Apirana Ngata (Ngāti Porou): Attended Te Aute College and University of Canterbury (UC); first Māori to graduate from UC with degrees in Political Science and Law. He believed in collaboration with the Crown and introduced numerous land reforms.
    • Māui Pōmare (Ngāti Mutunga / Ngāti Toa / Te Āti Awa)
    • Peter Buck (Ngāti Mutunga)
    • James Carroll (Ngāti Kahungunu)
  • Ideological Perspective of the Young Māori Party:
    • They believed overt resistance to the state was counterproductive.
    • They argued that by integrating and utilizing Western science, medicine, and technology, Māori could ensure their own well-being and avoid "racial extinction."
    • Apirana Ngata's Stance on War: He encouraged Māori to fight in World War I and World War II, believing that sacrifice on the front lines would earn Māori the same rights and privileges as Pākehā. He later admitted this expectation was not met.
  • Contemporary Māori Leadership Qualities:
    • Education was highly prized.
    • Charisma and oratory skills in both English and Te Reo Māori were required.
    • Leaders were held accountable to their Kaumātua and Iwi, despite being individual figures on a national scale.

Alternative Leadership: Te Puea Hērangi and the Kingitanga

  • Te Puea Hērangi (1883–1952):
    • A niece of the third Māori King, Mahuta, and granddaughter of King Tāwhiao.
    • Became the face of the Kingitanga (Māori King Movement) and was known for reviving the movement after significant land loss (Raupatu).
  • Opposition to Conscription:
    • During World War I, she famously opposed the conscription of Waikato Māori men.
    • In response, the Crown enacted Waikato-only conscription legislation. Many Waikato men were arrested and imprisoned for refusing to join the army.
  • Reasons for Opposition:
    • Population Decline: Māori were suffering from poor health and lack of government healthcare; she could not risk losing the youngest, strongest men.
    • Injustice of Previous Wars: Waikato had lost over a million acres of land in the 18631863 war against the Crown; Te Puea saw no reason to fight for a government that had taken their land.
    • Philosophical Tradition: King Tāwhiao was known for his peaceful approach.
  • Achievements:
    • Established Māori clinics and isolation huts during epidemics.
    • Led the development and fundraising for Tūrangawaewae Marae in Ngāruawāhia (Kingitanga headquarters).
    • Built a strategic relationship with the Crown while maintaining the ability to oppose them when necessary.

Late Twentieth Century Leadership: Dame Whina Cooper

  • Dame Whina Cooper:
    • Established the Māori Women's Welfare League in 19521952.
    • Known for her business acumen and encouragement of Māori land development.
  • The 1975 Land Hīkoi:
    • Led by Te Rōpū o Te Matakite, she organized a march from Te Hapua in the Far North to Parliament in Wellington.
    • The goal was to protest against Māori land alienation and Treaty breaches.
    • Dame Whina Cooper led the march while holding the hand of her granddaughter, Irene.
    • Presentation of a Memorial of Rights, signed by 60,00060,000 people, to Prime Minister Bill Rowling.
  • Philosophy of Leadership:
    • She sought support from non-Māori workers, noting that the "people who are oppressing the workers are the same who are exploiting the Māori."
    • She encouraged young female leaders (Wahine) to "give it your best shot" and emphasized that women are the "Prime Ministers of their houses."
    • Her leadership was defined by three attributes: Oronui (wisdom), Tuauri (understanding), and Tuatea (perseverance).

Questions & Discussion

  • Question: "Why did Te Puea oppose her men fighting in the wars?"
  • Response: Discussion noted that Waikato Māori were disposable in the eyes of the state and often given the worst conditions in war. Additionally, population decline was a major factor; during this period, the state often refused to provide healthcare to Māori, forcing leaders like Te Puea to handle healthcare themselves. They were also recovering from the loss of a million acres of land from the 18631863 Waikato wars.
  • Question: "What leadership qualities were visible in the video about Dame Whina Cooper?"
  • Response: The class noted her focus on empowering young Wahine leaders and her belief in peaceful yet fearless protest. Her emphasis on the spiritual leadership of women within the family unit was also highlighted as a way to build pride and leadership potential.

Summary of Evolution in Māori Leadership

  • Foundational Principle: Leadership has always been rooted in collective needs and aspirations rather than individual success.
  • Shift in Criteria: Over time, the importance of Whakapapa (genealogy) has decreased while personal attributes, education, and capability have gained more weight.
  • Dual Systems: Political leadership within the state system now exists alongside traditional tribal leadership.
  • Adaptability: Different qualities (e.g., agricultural skill vs. legal education vs. peaceful protest) are valued at different times depending on the specific challenges faced by Māori.