English Civil War and Break with the Catholic Church

Page 1

• Problems with dynastic succession in England

  • Dynastic claims leading to wars

  • Importance of having a strong male heir

  • Violent conflicts due to violations of the Great Chain of Being

• Primogeniture and Henry VIII

  • Primogeniture system favoring the firstborn son

  • Henry VIII's political split with the Catholic Church to establish Anglicanism

  • History of the break starting with Edward III in the 14th century

Page 2

• British Monarchs Family Tree

  • Details of marriages, births, deaths, and relationships among British monarchs

  • Reference to the House of Windsor official site for information

  • Mention of Plantagenet, Lancaster, and York royal houses

Page 3

• English Genealogy from Alfred the Great to Elizabeth II

  • Political turmoil in early modern states due to dynastic succession issues

  • Turmoil in 15th century England

  • Impact of Edward III on subsequent kings and the country

• Edward III and Richard II

  • Edward III's relationships with barons and initiation of the 100 Years' War

  • Edward III's five sons leading to conflicts for the throne

  • Richard II as the last of the Plantagenet line

Page 4

• Richard II, Henry IV, and Henry V

  • Richard II's rule dominated by uncles and his pacifist nature

  • Henry IV's ascent to the throne and challenges of legitimacy

  • Henry V's military successes in the Hundred Years' War and efforts to secure legitimacy through victories and peace treaties

Page 5

• Henry VI (1422-1461) became king as a nine-month-old baby

  • Dominated by regents due to his gentle, pious, and well-mannered nature

  • Incompetent medieval king who lost France and lacked good leadership

  • Mentally impaired and eventually went insane, real power with regents

• Wars under Henry VI led to trade disruptions with France

• Revenues of the English crown dropped significantly during Henry VI's reign

• Nobles contested Henry VI's power, especially during his bouts of catatonic schizophrenia

• Major contender against Henry VI was Richard, Duke of York, a descendent of Edward III

Page 6

• War of the Roses (1455-61, 1469-1470, 1485) between Lancastrians and Yorkists

  • Fueled by Lancasterian regime's incompetence, shaky claim, and noble armies

• Richard, Duke of York, had a strong affinity and was named Lord Protector during Henry VI's illness

• Battles between Richard and Somerset saw victories on both sides

• Edward IV claimed the throne after Richard's death, won at Towton Moor (1461)

• Edward IV's reign marked by battles against Lancastrians and eventual victory

• Edward V ascended the throne at 12 but was overthrown by Richard III

• Richard III's reign marked by illegitimacy claims and battles against opponents

Page 7

• Henry Tudor defeats Richard III at Bosworth Field in 1485, becoming Henry VII

• Henry VII faced conspiracies and rebellions, including from Edward, Earl of Warwick

• Perkin Warbeck impersonated Richard, leading to more challenges for Henry VII

• Henry VII used extortion and the Council Learned to maintain power

• Consolidated Tudor reign through propaganda, spy network, and financial control

Page 8

• Henry VII's reign marked by building projects, propaganda against Richard III

• Henry VII merged Yorkist and Lancastrian lines through marriage to Elizabeth of York

• Passed acts to absolve former Yorkists and ensure succession

• Named his first child Arthur to symbolize unity and glory of English monarchy

Page 9

• Henry VII faced challenges to his legitimacy, including from Yorkists abroad

• Dealt with conspiracies and rebellions through financial control and spy network

• Established alliances through marriages and diplomatic threats

• Signed treaties with France and Spain for trade, military assistance, and marriages

Page 10

• Henry VII's diplomatic efforts included marriages to strengthen alliances

• Marriage arrangements with Scotland, Spain, and France to secure alliances

• Henry VII's daughter Mary's betrothal to Charles V and later marriage to Louis XII

• Henry VII's death in 1509 left some marriage arrangements unsettled

Page 11

• Henry VII's efforts for diplomatic alliances and marriages to strengthen ties

• Military assistance treaties with Spain and France for mutual benefits

• Marriage arrangements with Scotland and Spain to secure alliances

Page 12

• Henry VII's diplomatic efforts included marriages to strengthen alliances

• Marriage arrangements with Spain and France to secure alliances

• Henry VII's daughter Mary's betrothal to Charles V and later marriage to Louis XII

• Henry VII's death in 1509 left some marriage arrangements unsettled

Page 13:

• Family of Henry VIII Tudor

  • Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales

  • Margaret Tudor

  • Henry VIII Tudor

  • Elizabeth Tudor

  • Mary Tudor

  • Edmund Tudor, 1st Duke of Somerset

  • Katherine Tudor

• Henry VIII's Marriage and Break with Rome

  • Married Catherine of Aragon

  • Awarded Difensor Fidei in 1521

  • Problems with succession due to lack of male heir

  • Marital issues with Catherine of Aragon

Page 14:

• Henry VIII's Annulment and Marriages

  • Infatuation with Anne Boleyn

  • Claimed invalidity of marriage with Catherine under canon law

  • Annulment granted by Thomas Cranmer in 1533

  • Act of Supremacy passed in 1534

• Dissolution of Monasteries

  • Allowed by parliament to dissolve monasteries

  • Opposition from Thomas More and John Fisher

  • Execution of More and Fisher

• Pragmatic Sanction

  • Established line of succession through parliament

  • Support for Henry's actions

Page 15:

• Edward VI and Protestant Reforms

  • Ascended the throne at 10 years old

  • Duke of Somerset's actions and downfall

  • Implementation of Book of Common Prayer and Forty-Two Articles

• Protestant Reforms

  • Introduction of Anglicanism in England

  • Changes in church practices and doctrines

• Act of Uniformity

  • Demanded the use of the Prayer Book in all church services

  • Exclusion of Edward's sisters from the throne

Page 16:

• Edward VI's Reign

  • Protestant reforms in England

  • Book of Common Prayer and Forty-Two Articles implemented

  • Deposition and execution of Duke of Somerset

• Mary I (Bloody Mary)

  • Restoration of Roman Catholicism in England

  • Marriage to Philip II of Spain

  • Persecution of Protestants and executions

• Queen Elizabeth I

  • Balancing between radical Protestants and Catholics

  • Elizabethan Settlement and religious policies

Page 17:

• Mary I's Reign

  • Persecution of Protestants and executions

  • Loss of Calais and failures during her reign

• Queen Elizabeth I

  • Establishment of the Church of England

  • Creation of the Court of High Commission

  • Thirty-Nine Articles defining Church of England teachings

Page 18:

• Queen Elizabeth I

  • Balancing between Protestants and Catholics

  • Act of Supremacy reestablishing the Church of England

  • Changes in church governance and practices

• Elizabethan Church

  • Retention of Catholic liturgy and vestments

  • Reduction of sacraments to two

• Elizabeth's Religious Policies

  • Public conformity to the church emphasized

  • Concerns with public faith over private beliefs

Page 20

• Elizabeth actively sought out Catholic priests and practicing Catholics after the 1580s

  • Catholicism declined as Catholic priests died without a system to replace them

  • Elizabeth's 42-year reign allowed Protestantism to persist

• Opposition to Elizabeth's Settlement

  • Puritans wanted to replace bishops with the Presbyterian system

  • Separatists settled at Plymouth in 1620

  • Duke of Norfolk and others plotted against Elizabeth, leading to executions

• Mary Queen of Scots supported Catholic plots against Elizabeth and was beheaded

• Philip II led an armada against Elizabeth in 1588, which failed

• Response of the Catholic church

  • Counterreformation or Catholic reformation

Page 21

• Ignatius Loyola founded the Jesuits to defend Catholicism and combat Protestantism

  • Loyola's religious conversion led to the establishment of the Society of Jesus

  • The Jesuits aimed to educate the young, win over doubters, carry out missions, and acquire political influence

• St. Francis Xavier served as a missionary in India and Japan

• Council of Trent (1545-1563) focused on reform and redefined Catholic dogma

  • Salvation by faith with good works, Bible and tradition as religious authority, inquisition, sacraments, and pope's supremacy

Page 22

• Council of Trent's impact on Catholicism

  • Reaffirmed seven sacraments, Holy Orders, veneration of relics, and pope's supremacy

  • Established the Index of Banned Books and affirmed the Latin vulgate Bible

• Tridentine Decrees reformed the Church with instructions for bishops, seminaries, and clergy conduct

• Anglicans and Puritans

  • Anglican theology as a middle way between Catholicism and Protestantism

  • Reformed church focused on biblical preaching and Church discipline

  • Anglican community led by the archbishop of Canterbury, with the Episcopal Church as the main American branch

Page 25

• Anglican theology

  • Middle way between Catholics and Protestants

  • Book of Common Prayer and 39 Articles as important documents

  • Anglicans include Anglo-Catholics who emphasize baptismal regeneration

  • Eucharistic liturgy allows for different beliefs on the presence of Christ's body and blood

Page 26

• Reform vs. Catholic Tradition

  • The Articles lean towards the Reform tradition, while the Prayer book leans towards the Catholic tradition.

• Calvinist Influence

  • Eating Christ's flesh is seen as spiritual, not physical, following Calvinist beliefs.

  • Predestination to life is mentioned as an everlasting purpose of God, reflecting Calvinist views.

• Prevenient Grace

  • Emphasis on prevenient grace before any good choice is made.

  • Ambiguity exists on whether this grace is irresistible or a choice to accept.

• Establishment of the Church of England

  • The 39 Articles and Book of Common Prayer were crucial for the Church of England's establishment.

  • The Elizabethan Settlement in the 1550s-1560s solidified the church's structure.

Page 27

• Supreme Governor and Church Governance

  • The crown is the supreme governor of the Church, appointing bishops and overseeing theological education.

  • Conformity to the Book of Common Prayer was mandatory for clergy and parishioners.

• Puritans and Residual Catholic Elements

  • Puritans, English Calvinists, sought a more Reformed practice but faced challenges due to Catholic elements in the Book of Common Prayer.

• Vestiarian Controversy and Rituals

  • Puritanism began with objections to traditional Catholic vestments in the 1560s.

  • Rituals like making the sign of the cross and celebrating Lent connected Anglicans with Catholics.

Page 28

• Doctrine and Rules

  • The 39 Articles allowed changes for outward conformity but not for salvation.

  • Richard Hooker defended the church's right to decide on matters not affecting salvation.

• Puritan Movement

  • Puritans aimed to purify the church from Roman Catholic residues and bad practices.

  • They emphasized good preaching, education, and discipline within the Church of England.

Page 29

• Westminster Confession and Puritanism

  • The Westminster Confession was a key document of English Puritanism advocating covenant theology.

  • Puritans sought to reform the Church of England and improve pastoral practices.

• Church Polity in the 17th Century

  • Different church polities emerged, including Episcopal, Presbyterian, and Congregationalism.

  • Congregationalists believed in self-governing local parishes, leading to