TEST -1700s name sick man or Europe: diversity (africa, balkans, middle east)= nationalist movements- different places wanna break away (indep), struggling to modernize(janassires opposed-take away their power&uluma- muslim scholars) morden ideas instead of religion. -External issues: Britain france and germany are threats to ottomans bc they did modernize(stronger) Mahmud ll- move ottomans foward getting rid of janassires-surprise attack, remove them from power= state sponsored (gov has power) loyal to gov bc gov paid them. BIG CHANGE: Tanizmat reforms(response to all problems 1840s) ottomans try to modernize and westernize w/o loosing culture. Ex: take foreign loans(mainly germany)-build railroads, infrastructure, industry, communication, military and training. Reforming laws not based on religion- try make minority groups to not break off(secular) -OTTOMANS have war with Russia: Russia wanted Red sea= Criemean war, ottomans successful british and france helped- didn't want russia to have ottomans, Extraterritorialty practice of europeans that live in other countries and did not follow ottoman laws but their home country laws, Capitulations: unfair trade agreements that euros made with ottomans(told them ottomans owed them-manipulated and controlled) Egypt Egypt and muhammad ali, rebelled against Ottomans (Mamluks) sent ali to put down rebellion and succeed and so good he stay in egypt making him ruler of egypt and expanding deeper into africa and middle east and his son continued -connected to ottomans but did own thing -Ali known for westernizing and modernizing egypt: ex: Taxed peasant heavily they could not afford their land and it went to gov, gov wants to grow cotton (industrialize) wants to make textiles. He modernizes the military and trains w french leaders, guns, navy and shipyards, starts better irrigation=bettee farming, manufactures armaments:guns and weapons -culturally westernize style education and universities -Downside: build suez canal but needed loans from france and ali descendants are khadives. couldn't pay loans resulted in more foreign influence. And europeans would not buy their textiles and cut egypt to sell goods which resorts to sell raw cotton (struggling w money and paying loans=deeper trouble, sold shares of suez canal to british and british have majority ownership of the canal) another issue: Aramhid arabi revolt: led by egyptians try to overthrow turkish khadives to gain independence. makes it enough of a problem british help crush revolt. Egypt is doubled colonized. China/ QING DYNASTY Qing rule 1644-1911, when they take over they are from Manchuria-foreign Qing takes chinese culture, service exam, scholar gentry, confucianism, Changed intro of Queue. manchu do not footbind, real chienese keep foot binding -believe outsiders inferior of Manchu, Manchu take top job and ethnic chienese have lower jobs (resentment/tension) -economically a continuity- Qing still want silver from british (british has trade deficit- china only buy silver) -Opium british has colony in india, poppy manufacture to opium and sold to china and highly addictive- toll of civilization and social= not working, providing= society falling apart, gov demand british to stop selling opium=trigger opium war 1839-1841-china loses (junk ships/navy destroyed) british ed had steam ships -main effects of opium war-china had to open more ports, britain get complete control of hong kon, extraterritorialty on chinese, spheres of influence (germany, russia, japan etc /indirect control- influence chinas economy) after war triggers taping rebellion 1850s mad about treaty of Man king gave concessions to Qing mad gave rule to foreigners and traditions of china(anti confusion, absurd version of christian's, couldn't pass civil service exam) wanted to make classless society-have to get rid of confucianism and footbing- rebellion for 10 years side effect: Heavy famine, high deaths, bubonic plague) effect many people leave china and find work in US(going as indentured servants) Like US, many weren't happy abt chienese immigration (chienese exclusion)-self strengthening movement same as tanzomat reforms=chinese trying to westernize and modernize, industrializing, military, industries, build infrastructure, more W style education.Not everyone wanted reforms(scholar gentry-hesitant change chinese traditions and take their power) china wanted to get out of forgien debt, europeans could force extraterritorially and capuitualtions -boxer rebellion 1800s protesting against foreign rule similar to armad arabi, europeans stepped in to help and gave Euros more control JAPAN -meiji restoration (1600s japan isolated themself beside allowed dutch to bring education to them at a port) gov was feudalism(weak central gov) big change in 1853: matthew perry demanded to open or they will fight. Japan knows what happend to china so they opened and other nations came to trade with japans (treated them same as china and etc) 1860 force shogun to step down and restore emperor (meiji restoration/new enlightened time) modernizing and westernizing (japan does it best and sends diplomats all over world to learn and bring back to japan, create constitutional monarchy have to rule with diet/ legislative branch) emperor had foreign issues and diet it domestic: taxation and loss, samari are replaced-japan creates W style like navy, guns, education etc. -economic: industrializations; making porcelain, silk, sacci build railroad, navy (succeeding) Japan has capital(state sponsors factories) have money by heavily taxing farming, japan lacks national resources, have to buy natural resources. Then decided to take like europeans and started expanding like creating colonies. War with Russia Tussi-japense war. 1930/ they were westernized and strong WW1 cause MAIN assiantion of AH leader nationalism roles: competing for colonies/tensions grows, serbia assinates AH leader. -trench warefare causes war or triton-to wear each other long, who can last longest= stalemate. -new tech issue: machine guns, poison gas, flame throwers, planes (causes more violence) New invention applied to civilian everyday life

  • Ottoman Empire Overview

    • In the 1700s, the Ottomans were referred to as the "sick man of Europe," facing challenges from nationalist movements in diverse regions such as Africa, the Balkans, and the Middle East.

    • Internal Struggles:

    • Janissaries opposed modernization efforts that threatened their power.

    • The Ulama (Muslim scholars) resisted the introduction of modern ideas that contradicted religious teachings.

  • External Threats and Reforms

    • Britain, France, and Germany posed significant threats due to their successful modernization, making them stronger.

    • Mahmud II initiated reforms to modernize the empire:

    • Eliminated Janissaries through a surprise attack, establishing state-sponsored loyalty (government-funded military).

    • Tanzimat Reforms (1840s):

    • A significant attempt to modernize and westernize the empire while preserving its cultural identity.

    • Took foreign loans (mainly from Germany) to build railroads, infrastructure, industry, communication, and military training.

    • Legal reforms were made to create secular laws aimed at preventing minority groups from seceding.

  • Conflicts and Relations

    • The Ottomans engaged in war with Russia over control of the Red Sea, leading to the Crimean War.

    • The Ottomans emerged victorious with help from Britain and France, who wished to curb Russian expansion.

    • Extraterritoriality:

    • A practice where Europeans living in Ottoman lands followed their home country's laws instead of Ottoman laws.

    • Capitulations:

    • Unfair trade agreements manipulated by Europeans to control trade with the Ottomans.

  • Egypt and Muhammad Ali

    • Muhammad Ali was sent to quell a rebellion by the Mamluks and succeeded, later becoming the ruler of Egypt and expanding his influence into Africa and the Middle East.

    • Though connected to the Ottomans, he governed independently.

    • Westernization and Modernization:

    • Taxed peasants heavily leading to land ownership transfer to the government.

    • Focused on cotton production for industrialization purposes and modernized the military with French assistance.

    • Improved irrigation systems and began arms manufacturing.

    • Culturally, he adopted Western-style education and universities.

    • Downsides:

    • Built the Suez Canal but required loans from France.

    • His descendants, known as the Khedive, struggled to repay loans, leading to increased foreign influence.

    • The Arabi revolt occurred as Egyptians sought independence from Turkish Khedives but was suppressed with British assistance.

  • Qing Dynasty in China

    • The Qing ruled from 1644-1911 and were of Manchu origin, adopting Chinese culture while imposing their own customs.

    • Resentment grew as Manchus occupied top jobs, leaving ethnic Chinese in lower positions.

    • Economic Continuity:

    • The Qing continued to rely on the British for silver, creating a trade deficit.

    • Opium Trade and War:

    • The British sold opium to China from India, leading to social and economic issues.

    • The Opium War (1839-1841) resulted from China demanding an end to opium sales, which led to defeat against British naval technology.

    • Post-war consequences:

    • China was forced to open more ports and cede control of Hong Kong to Britain.

    • Spheres of Influence:

      • Other countries (Germany, Russia, Japan) gained indirect control over Chinese economy.

    • The Taiping Rebellion arose in the 1850s, provoked by public dissatisfaction with concessions made to foreigners and anti-Confucian sentiment.

    • Resulted in heavy famine and death tolls.

    • The Self-Strengthening Movement: efforts to modernize and industrialize in response to foreign pressure and internal challenges.

    • Boxer Rebellion (1800s):

    • A nationalist uprising protesting foreign rule, ultimately crushed with European intervention.

  • Japan and the Meiji Restoration

    • Japan had isolated itself during the 1600s, allowing limited foreign contact only with the Dutch.

    • Significant Change in 1853:

    • Commodore Matthew Perry demanded Japan open to trade, recognizing China's fate.

    • The Meiji Restoration (1860) marked the end of feudalism and the re-establishment of imperial rule:

    • Japan modernized by sending diplomats abroad to learn from other nations, establishing a constitutional monarchy, and introducing a legislative branch (Diet).

    • Japan's economy saw significant industrialization, including advancements in textiles, transport, and military.

    • Faced resource limitations, prompting imperial expansion similar to European practices, leading to conflicts such as the Russo-Japanese War.