GEN ANA

GENERAL ANATOMY

DEFINITION OF TERMS

ANATOMY

  • from the Greek word "ana" (up) and
    "tome" (cutting)

HUMAN ANATOMY

  • study of parts of the human body and their relationship to one another

PHYSIOLOGY

  • study of the way these parts accomplish their functions

  • System Physiology

  • study of body system's function

  • Comparative Physiology -

  • study of various characteristics of living organisms

  • Medical Physiology

  • study of physiological dysfunction and diseases

MORPHOLOGY

  • deals w/ the structures and spatial relationships, the kind of materials used, and the architecture of the entire human body

Cell

  • fundamental unit structure of all living things

  • Basic living units; have common characteristics, differ in structure and  function

Tissue

  • collection of similar cells having the same functions

  • A group of cells with similar structure and function: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Organ

  • a group of fundamental tissues bound together in the performance of a given function

  • Two or more tissues work together to perform one or more common function: eye, skin, stomach, heart.

System

  • a group of organs similar in origin and structure, united together in the performance of a given function

  • A group of organs of a common funcilon: Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine,Cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive.

STRUCTURAL LEVEL OF A BODY

Chemical- Combination of atoms to form molecules

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

DIVISIONS OF HUMAN ANATOMY

Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy

  • refers to the study of the parts of the body as seen by the naked senses like the eye or natural vision.

Microscopic Anatomy

  • Very small structures that cannot be seen with naked eyes.

  • study of the minute structures that can be seen only w/ the aid of lenses.

Histology- Study of body tissues

Cytology- Study of body cells

Developmental Anatomy (Embryology)

  • study of the origin, growth and development of an organism from conception until birth, or from one-cell stage to the complex human being.

  • Structural changes to the body throughout lifespan.

Embryology- Development which occur before birth

Neuroanatomy

  • study of the nervous system.

Methods of studying Human Anatomy

  1.   Regional or Topographical

  • study of the relationships of all structures -bones, joints, muscles, fasciae, tendons, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics of the body -found in a particular area or region of the body

  1. Systemic anatomy

  • study in w/c all parts of the body made up of the same structure and of related functions are taken up individually and as a group

  • system by system

  1. Surface anatomy

  • delineating on the external surface of the body, the relative position of the organs and structures found inside the body. This is achieved by making use of constantly seen or felt bony projections or depressions for our surface landmarks.

  1. Radiographic anatomy

  • includes the use of plain x-rays, as well as rays taken after the introduction of various opaque dyes into the blood stream (angiography) or ingested (Barium swallow).

  1. Applied Anatomy

  • application of the knowledge gained to the actual practice.

  • ex. Clinical and Surgical Anatomy gives the student the reason for the patient's signs and symptoms, and use them as bases for the diagnosis and treatment from the anatomical standpoint.

Materials used in the study of Human

Anatomy:

Drawings, charts, books, atlases, and illustrations w/ corresponding labels and the descriptions of the parts.

Human models -either ceramics or plastic or rubber -w/c are exact replicas of the human body and its parts.

Human cadavers -dead human bodies

Living anatomy -self or others

ANATOMIC POSITION

  • Standing position with the body erect facing forward, feet slightly apart, arms hanging and palms also facing forward.

  • A standard position to w/c description of any part of the body is referred. There are five characteristics.

  1.   Body is standing, erect facing the observer.

  2.   The arms are hanging at the sides.

  3.   The palms are facing forward or anteriorly.

  4.   The thumbs are pointing to the sides or laterally.

  5.   The feet are together and flat on the ground.

Descriptive Terms in Relation to Position

  1.   Superior or Cranial -nearer the head, higher, above
    Inferior or Caudal -farther from the head, lower, below

  2.   Anterior or Ventral -nearer the front or belly side of the body
    Posterior or Dorsal -nearer the back

  3.   Medial-nearer the midline of the body
    Lateral -farther from the midline of the body

  4.   Proximal -nearer the point of origin of a part
    Distal -farther from the point of origin of a part

  5.   Internal-closer to the central axis of the body
    External -farther from the central axis of the body

  6.   Superficial -nearer the surface of the body
    Deep -farther away from the surface of the body

REGIONAL TERMS

  • Axial Region

  • axis of our body

  • comprise of three parts: head, neck and trunk

  • Perpendicular Region

  • limbs, or appendages

  • body parts that attached to the axis.

Body planes and sections

Frontal Plane

- vertical line that divide the body to anterior and posterior parts.

Sagittal plane

  • Vertical plane divide body into right and left

  • Sagittal plane that exactly cut in the middle called midsagittal or median plane.

  • Sagittal plane that offset from median line called parasagittal plane.

Transverse Plane

  • Horizontal plane which divides into superior and inferior

SYSTEM OF THE BODY

Urinary System

  • regulation of water, electrolytes and acid-base balance in the body.

Reproductive System

  • production of babies

Respiratory System

  • supply blood with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.

Digestive System

  • break down the food for absorption

  • indigestible food will be removed as feces

Muscular System

  • muscles

  • produce body movement

Nervous System

  • consist of brain, sensory receptor, nerves, spinal cord

  • control homeostasis by stimulating particular muscles contraction and glands secretion

Integumentary System

  • External cover of the body (skin)

  • Protects deeper tissues from injury

  • Site of cutaneous, receptors, sweat and oil glands.

Skeletal System

  • Bones

  • Protects and supports body organs

Endocrine System

  • Hormones secretion to regulate body processes.

Cardiovascular System

  • Transport blood to the body

Lymphatic/Immune System

  • Protect the body by attacking foreign substances entering body system