Poetry Info - AP Lit Test

Meters

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Meter :: is the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry. Feet :: are the units of measurement for meters of poetry. Scansion :: is the process of notating the meter of a poem with dashes and slashes.

There are many types of metrical feet:

Iambic:: A two syllable foot with the stress on the second syllable ( _ / )
Trochaic:: A two syllable foot with the stress on the first syllable ( / _ )
Anapestic:: A three syllable foot with the stress on the last syllable ( _ _ / )
Dactylic:: A three syllable foot with the stress on the first syllable ( / _ _ )
Spondaic:: A two syllable foot with the stress on both syllables ( / / )
Pyrrhic:: A two syllable foot with the stress on neither syllable ( _ _ )

Metrical Lines describe the number of feet in each line. These lines are represented by a numerical prefix followed by -meter… for example, a Heptameter is a 7-foot-line

Rhyme and Verse

Verse :: describes the meter and rhyme of a poem. Rhyme :: describes the similarity of a sound between two words with reference to stressed syllables with different preceding consonants.

There are three kinds of verse ::

Rhymed Verse :: A verse where there is a regular meter and end rhyme
Blank Verse :: A verse without end rhyme that is written in iambic pentameter
Free Verse :: A verse that does not contain a regular rhyme scheme or meter

End rhyme :: occurs at the end of a line, whereas Internal Rhyme :: occurs within the line.

Masculine rhyme :: occurs when one syllable of two words rhymes. Feminine Rhyme :: occurs when two syllables of two words rhyme. If three syllables in two words rhyme, that is called :: Triple Rhyme

There are many vocab words for describing sound

Alliteration :: Repetition of the first letter or sound
Onomatopoeia :: Use of a word to represent natural sounds
Assonance :: Repetition of a vowel sound within two words
Consonance :: Repetition of a consonant sound within a line
Refrain :: The repetition of phrases or lines within a poem, at a regular interval
Repetition :: Reiteration of a single word or phrase within a poem (not regular)

Figures of Speech

Figures of speech :: expressions that are used in a nonliteral sense to elevate writing.

Simile :: Comparison of two unrelated things using like or as
Metaphor :: Implied comparison of two unlike things without using like or as
Personification :: giving human characteristics to a non-human things
Metonymy :: Substitution of an object for a similar word
Synecdoche :: Mentioning a part of something to represent the whole
Symbol :: A word that signifies something else
Allegory :: A story with a secondary meaning/moral truth
Antithesis :: Using two opposite words together to draw parallels
Apostrophe :: Addressing someone not present as if they were
Dramatic Irony :: A discontinuity between what a character says and what the reader knows is true
Situational Irony :: A discontinuity between what is happening and what seems appropriate
Verbal Irony :: Sarcasm
Paradox :: two ideas that entrap each other in contradiction
Oxymoron :: A paradox of two contradictory words

Forms and Units

Stanzas :: divide poems into pieces similarly to paragraphs; they are defined by their numbers of lines. Form :: defines a stanza based on its rhyme scheme.

There are many types of poetic forms

Heroic Couplet :: two successive rhyming verses with a complete thought within. Often iambic pentameter
Terza Rima :: three line stanza form with an interlaced rhyme scheme. Often iambic pentameter.
Limerick :: five line joke poem with an anapestic meter. A A B B A rhyme scheme. A rhymed-lines have three stresses and B rhymed-lines have two stresses.
Ballad Stanza :: four line stanza with the rhyme scheme A B C B. First and third lines are tetrameter and the second and fourth are trimeter.
Rime Royal :: seven line stanza in A B A B B C C iambic pentameter.
Ottava Rima :: eight line stanza in A B A B A B C C iambic pentameter
Spenserian Stanza :: nine line stanza in A B A B B C B C C, the first eight are iambic pentameter and the last line is iambic hexameter
Sonnet :: a fourteen line stanza with iambic pentameter.
Petrarchan Sonnet :: One octave (asking) and one sestet (answering) with a rhyme scheme A B B A A B B A followed by C D C D C D or C D E C D E. Written in iambic pentameter, with a tone/idea shift at the volta.
Elizabethan Sonnet :: 3 quatrains of alternating rhyme and then a couplet. Volta is sometimes delayed to the end. Written in iambic pentameter.
Villanelle :: has 5 tercets and a quatrain with the rhyme scheme A B A (x5) and then A B A A
Aubade :: A love poem often about dawn
Elegy :: A mourning poem
Lyric :: most widely used type of poem with a limited length, very subjective and expressive with a regular rhyme scheme
Ode :: lyric poem about a subject held in hard regards
Sestina :: a 6 line poem with a rhyme scheme that varies from 6 different end rhymes and then a 3 line stanza that has a few of those rhymes. A B C D E F / F A E B D C / C F D A B E / E C B F A D / D E A C F B / B D F E C A / E C A or A C E
Triolet :: 8 line poem with the repetition of line 1 in line 4 and 7, line 2 is repeated in line 8. Tight A B rhyme scheme with repetition causes the poem to look like this: A B a A a b A B

Other Terms

Allusion :: A reference to previous literature, pop culture, events, the Bible
Anachronism :: an element of a story that is out of its time frame, to produce a jarring or humorous effect.
Anecdote :: A short personal story to emphasize a point or develop a character. Can also add humor.
Antecedent :: what a pronoun refers to
Aphorism :: a terse statement that expresses a moral truth
Archetype :: stereotypical character type
Conceit :: a far fetched comparison or extended metaphor that intellectually adds to a poem’s depth and/or meaning
Connotation :: the feel of a word
Imagery :: writing that appeals to a writer’s senses
Narrative Poem :: poem that tells a story
Parable :: short story illustrating a lesson
Pastoral :: a poem or play that celebrates shepherds, the simple life, farming and nature
Pathos :: appeal to the reader’s emotions
Pun :: humorous play on words that have several meanings
Satire :: use of humor to ridicule society’s failures often in the hope of reform