Chapter 24

Good Neighbor Policy-aimed at improving relations with Latin American countries by pledging non-intervention in their domestic affairs, essentially acting as a "good neighbor" by respecting their sovereignty and promoting cooperation through economic ties rather than military force;

Pan-American conferences-a series of meetings held between representatives from various countries in the Western Hemisphere, primarily focused on promoting cooperation and discussing issues of mutual interest like trade, diplomacy, and arbitration, with the goal of strengthening ties between the United States and Latin American nations

Stimson Doctrine-declared that the United States would not recognize any territorial changes made by Japan through military aggression in Manchuria, essentially refusing to legitimize Japan's occupation of the region

Axis Powers-the alliance of countries, primarily Germany, Italy, and Japan, that fought against the Allied Powers during World War II

Benito Mussolini-Fascist Party and ruled Italy as a dictator from 1922 until his overthrow in 1943, known for his aggressive nationalism, militarism, and role as a key figure in the development of fascism, significantly contributing to tensions leading up to World War II; he is often referred to as "Il Duce"

Nazi Party- "National Socialist German Workers' Party" (NSDAP), a far-right political party in Germany led by Adolf Hitler, known for its extreme nationalist ideology, antisemitism, and totalitarian rule which took power in Germany in 1933 and led to the horrors of the Holocaust during World War II. 

Adolf Hitler- Adolf Hitler is defined as the leader of the Nazi Party in Germany during the 1930s and 1940s, who rose to power through extremist rhetoric, totalitarian control, and ultimately orchestrated the Holocaust, a systematic genocide of Jews and other groups, leading to World War

Spanish Civil War- Adolf Hitler is defined as the leader of the Nazi Party in Germany during the 1930s and 1940s, who rose to power through extremist rhetoric, totalitarian control, and ultimately orchestrated the Holocaust, a systematic genocide of Jews and other groups, leading to World War

Appeasement- a diplomatic strategy where a nation makes concessions to an aggressive foreign power, often by giving up territory or political influence, in the hopes of avoiding conflict or war

Blitzkrieg- a military tactic, primarily used by Nazi Germany in World War II, that involved a rapid, overwhelming surprise attack using combined forces of tanks, infantry, and air power, aiming to quickly break through enemy lines and achieve a decisive victory through speed and force

Isolationists- a foreign policy stance where a country, particularly the United States, actively avoids involvement in international political and economic affairs, choosing to prioritize domestic issues and minimize alliances or entanglements with other nations, often motivated by a desire to stay out of foreign conflicts

Neutrality Acts-  a series of laws passed by the US Congress in the 1930s, designed to prevent the country from getting involved in foreign wars by restricting the sale of arms and financial assistance to nations at war

America First Committee-  a prominent isolationist group active in the United States during the lead-up to World War II, strongly advocating against American involvement in the European conflict by prioritizing American interests above all else, essentially pushing for a policy of "America First" and lobbying against providing aid to Allied nations. 

Charles Lindbergh- a famous American aviator who gained international recognition in 1927 for completing the first solo, nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean

Quarantine Speech- a speech given by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937 where he called for an international "quarantine" against aggressor nations like Japan, Italy, and Germany, essentially advocating for a more assertive stance against the growing threat of fascism without directly declaring war, marking a shift away from strict American neutrality in the face of rising global tensions

“Cash and carry”- a policy implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the early stages of World War II, allowing warring nations to purchase goods from the United States only if they paid in cash and transported the goods on their own ships

Selective Training and Service Act - a law passed in 1940 that established the first peacetime draft in the United States, requiring all able-bodied men between the ages of 21 and 35 to register for potential military service,

Destroys for bases deal -  a deal made between the United States and Great Britain in 1940 where the US provided the British with 50 old destroyers in exchange for the right to establish military bases on British territories in the Western Hemisphere

Four Freedoms Speech- a landmark address given by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during his 1941 State of the Union address, where he outlined four fundamental human rights that he believed everyone should enjoy: freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear

Lend Lease Act- a piece of legislation passed during World War II that allowed the United States to lend or lease military supplies to any nation considered "vital to the defense of the United States," essentially enabling the country to provide crucial aid to Allied powers like Britain and the Soviet Union without officially entering the war at first

Atlantic Charter-  a joint declaration issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill during World War II, outlining their shared vision for a post-war world based on principles like self-determination of nations, freedom of the seas, and economic cooperation, essentially laying the groundwork for the United Nations

Oil and Steel Embargo- the action taken by the United States in the lead-up to World War II, where they prohibited the export of oil and steel to Japan, primarily aimed at hindering their military expansion in Asia by denying them crucial materials needed for war production

War Production Board- a government agency established during World War II to manage the production of war materials by prioritizing and allocating resources to different industries, effectively converting civilian factories to military production, ensuring the United States could efficiently supply its armed forces with necessary weapons and supplies

Office of Price Administration - a government agency established during World War II, primarily responsible for controlling inflation by setting price ceilings on consumer goods and rationing scarce items like food and gasoline, aiming to prevent profiteering and ensure fair distribution of resources during wartime. 

Manhattan Project- a highly classified U.S. government research initiative during World War II aimed at developing the first atomic bombs, primarily in response to fears that Nazi Germany was also working on nuclear weapons;

Office of War Information- a government agency established during World War II that was responsible for managing the dissemination of information and propaganda to the American public and abroad, aiming to promote understanding of the war effort and government policies through various media like radio, newspapers, films, and posters

“Double V”-  a movement by African Americans during World War II that aimed to achieve "victory" both overseas against fascism and "victory" against racism at home within the United States, essentially fighting for equality both abroad and domestically

Executive order to prohibit discrimintion - banned discrimination in defense industries based on race, color, creed, or national origin, essentially prohibiting government contractors from engaging in employment discrimination

Japanese Americans internment-  the forced relocation and incarceration of approximately 120,000 Japanese Americans into detention camps during World War II, primarily on the West Coast, due to widespread fear and racial prejudice following the attack on Pearl Harbor, despite most being U.S. citizens

Korematsuv. US- upheld the forced relocation and internment of Japanese Americans during World War II, ruling that the military exclusion order was a necessary wartime measure despite being based on race, a decision widely criticized for its blatant racial discrimination

“Rosie the Riveter”-a propaganda icon representing American women who entered the workforce during World War II, particularly in factories, to support the war effort

Harry S. Truman - who took office after Franklin D. Roosevelt's death in 1945, and is most notably known for his leadership during the early Cold War era, including enacting policies like the Truman Doctrine to contain the spread of communism, and for taking significant steps towards advancing civil rights through executive orders. 

Dwight Eisenhower-American military leader during World War II, most notably serving as the Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Europe, and later becoming the 34th President of the United States, known for his role in the D-Day invasion of Normandy and his presidency during the Cold War era,

D-Day-the Allied invasion of Normandy, France on June 6, 1944,

Holocaust- the systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its allies and collaborators

Island-hopping- the military strategy used by the United States during World War II in the Pacific theater, where they selectively captured key islands, bypassing heavily fortified Japanese strongholds, to gradually advance towards Japan, establishing air bases and supply lines along the way, ultimately aiming to isolate and pressure the Japanese mainland

Douglas MacArthur- key role in World War II, most notably leading the Pacific theater campaign against Japan, and later commanded the United Nations forces during the early stages of the Korean War, where he was famously fired by President Truman due to his insubordination

Big Three- the three major Allied powers during World War II: the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union,

Casablanca Conference-  a meeting held in Casablanca, Morocco, during January 1943 between US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill where they strategized Allied military operations against the Axis powers during World War II

Tehran-a meeting held in Tehran, Iran during World War II between Allied leaders Franklin D. Roosevelt (U.S.), Winston Churchill (Britain), and Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) where they coordinated military strategy against Nazi Germany, most notably agreeing to open a "second front" in Europe by invading France, and discussed post-war plans for Europe, marking the first time all three leaders met in person during the wa

Yalta-a meeting held in February 1945 between the leaders of the United States (Franklin D. Roosevelt), Great Britain (Winston Churchill), and the Soviet Union (Joseph Stalin) where they discussed plans for post-World War II Europe, including the division of Germany into occupied zones and the establishment of the United Nations, laying the groundwork for the future Cold War tensions between the US and USSR; essentially deciding how to reorganize war-torn Europe after the defeat of the Nazi

Potsdam-a meeting held in July-August 1945 where the Allied leaders (United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union) gathered to discuss the post-war order in Europe, primarily focusing on the administration of defeated Germany and setting the stage for the Cold War tensions that would emerge between the US and USSR

United Nations - an international organization established after World War II, with the primary goal of maintaining international peace and security by facilitating cooperation between nations on various issues like economics, social development, and human rights