CDI 340 Quiz #5

### Study Guide: Speech and Phonetics Terms

1. Citation Form

- Definition: A word pronounced carefully as a single item, isolated from context.

2. Connected Speech

- Definition: The blending of two or more words together to form an utterance in natural speech.

3. Coarticulation

- Definition: The overlapping of articulators during speech production, where sounds influence each other due to the limited time for articulation.

4. Assimilation (Progressive and Regressive)

- Regressive Assimilation: Occurs when a phoneme changes due to a following sound (right-to-left or anticipatory).

- Example: “was she” /wʌʒ ʃi/

- Progressive Assimilation: Occurs when a phoneme changes due to a preceding sound (left-to-right or perseverative).

- Example: “Happen” /hæpm/

5. Elision

- Definition: The omission of a phoneme during speech, often in rapid speech or due to phonetic context.

- Example: “Exactly” /əɡzækli/ (the /t/ is omitted).

6. Epenthesis

- Definition: The insertion of a phoneme between adjacent vowels during speech, often due to coarticulation or speech variation.

- Example: “Leo” /li(j)oʊ/ or “cooing” /ku(w)ɪŋ/

7. Metathesis

- Definition: The transposition of sounds within a word, often caused by slips of the tongue, personal speaking style, or dialectal variation.

- Example: “Spaghetti” as /pəsgɛɾɪ/

8. Vowel Reduction

- Definition: The shortening or weakening of vowels in connected speech, often turning full vowels into a more central, neutral vowel like /ə/.

- Example: The vowel /æ/ in “cat” may become /ə/ in rapid speech.

9. Suprasegmental Aspects of Speech

- Timing: The duration of speech sounds.

- Stress: Emphasis placed on certain words in a sentence, typically content words like nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.

- Intonation: The rise and fall of pitch in speech to convey meaning or emotion.

10. Sentence Stress

- Definition: The emphasis placed on specific words in a sentence, usually content words.

- Example: “In order to get good ˈgrades, you’ll have to study ˈharder.”

11. Intonation

- Definition: The variation in pitch while speaking, used to convey meaning or emotion. Rising pitch often signals a yes/no question, while falling pitch signals finality or emotion.

12. Tempo

- Definition: The speed or duration of speech, influencing its rhythm and pacing.

13. Juncture

- Definition: The way words and syllables are linked together in speech.

- External Juncture: A pause between two intonational phrases.

- Internal Juncture: Pauses within a phrase.

- Open internal juncture: [ɪts + tʌŋ] (it's tongue)

- Closed internal juncture: [nɑɪtreɪt] (nitrate)