psych retake

Here are flashcards based on the requested topics:

Freud’s Psychosexual Development Stages

  1. Oral Stage (0-1 year)

    • Focus: Mouth (sucking, biting)

    • Key Issue: Trust and dependency.

    • Fixation Example: Smoking, overeating.

  2. Anal Stage (1-3 years)

    • Focus: Anus (toilet training).

    • Key Issue: Control and independence.

    • Fixation Example: Obsessive cleanliness (anal retentive) or messiness (anal expulsive).

  3. Phallic Stage (3-6 years)

    • Focus: Genitals.

    • Key Issue: Identifying with same-sex parent, overcoming Oedipus/Electra complex.

    • Fixation Example: Issues with authority or sexual relationships.

  4. Latency Stage (6-12 years)

    • Focus: Social and intellectual skills.

    • Key Issue: Developing friendships, hobbies.

    • Fixation Example: None—sexual feelings are dormant.

  5. Genital Stage (12+ years)

    • Focus: Genital relationships.

    • Key Issue: Establishing mature sexual relationships.

    • Fixation Example: Difficulty forming healthy relationships.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Stages

  1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year)

    • Key Question: Can I trust the world?

    • Positive Outcome: Secure attachment.

    • Negative Outcome: Fear, suspicion.

  2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (1-3 years)

    • Key Question: Can I do things myself?

    • Positive Outcome: Confidence.

    • Negative Outcome: Doubt in abilities.

  3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)

    • Key Question: Am I good or bad?

    • Positive Outcome: Initiative and leadership.

    • Negative Outcome: Guilt for being independent.

  4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years)

    • Key Question: Can I succeed?

    • Positive Outcome: Competence.

    • Negative Outcome: Feeling inadequate.

  5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years)

    • Key Question: Who am I?

    • Positive Outcome: Strong sense of identity.

    • Negative Outcome: Confusion about future roles.

  6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-40 years)

    • Key Question: Can I love?

    • Positive Outcome: Deep relationships.

    • Negative Outcome: Isolation, loneliness.

  7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65 years)

    • Key Question: Can I contribute to society?

    • Positive Outcome: Productivity.

    • Negative Outcome: Lack of purpose.

  8. Integrity vs. Despair (65+ years)

    • Key Question: Was my life meaningful?

    • Positive Outcome: Wisdom.

    • Negative Outcome: Regret, despair.

Parenting Discipline Styles

  1. Authoritative

    • Traits: High expectations + high warmth.

    • Outcome: Independent, well-adjusted children.

  2. Authoritarian

    • Traits: High expectations + low warmth.

    • Outcome: Obedient but low self-esteem.

  3. Permissive

    • Traits: Low expectations + high warmth.

    • Outcome: Immature, impulsive behavior.

  4. Neglectful

    • Traits: Low expectations + low warmth.

    • Outcome: Poor emotional regulation, low achievement.

  5. Positive Discipline

    • Traits: Focus on teaching, encouragement, problem-solving.

    • Outcome: Resilient, confident children.


For an Intro to Psychology test focused on human development, here are some key topics and concepts you should know:

General Theories of Human Development

  1. Nature vs. Nurture Debate

    • Nature: Development driven by genetics and biology.

    • Nurture: Development shaped by environment and experiences.

  2. Continuity vs. Discontinuity

    • Continuity: Development is gradual (e.g., learning skills over time).

    • Discontinuity: Development occurs in stages (e.g., Freud and Erikson).

  3. Critical and Sensitive Periods

    • Critical Period: A specific time during development when certain skills or abilities must be learned (e.g., language acquisition).

    • Sensitive Period: Optimal time for learning, though not rigid (e.g., forming attachments).

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory

  1. Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years)

    • Key Concepts: Object permanence, sensory exploration.

  2. Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)

    • Key Concepts: Egocentrism, lack of conservation, symbolic play.

  3. Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)

    • Key Concepts: Logical thinking, mastery of conservation, classification.

  4. Formal Operational Stage (12+ years)

    • Key Concepts: Abstract thinking, hypothetical reasoning.

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

  1. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

    • The gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with help.

  2. Scaffolding

    • Support given to a learner that is gradually removed as they become more competent.

Attachment Styles (Ainsworth’s Strange Situation)

  1. Secure Attachment

    • Traits: Comfortable exploring, distressed when parent leaves, easily comforted upon return.

    • Outcome: Healthy relationships.

  2. Insecure-Avoidant

    • Traits: Avoids caregiver, little distress or reaction to separation.

    • Outcome: Difficulty forming close relationships.

  3. Insecure-Ambivalent/Resistant

    • Traits: Clingy, extreme distress when parent leaves, difficult to comfort.

    • Outcome: Anxious relationships.

  4. Disorganized Attachment

    • Traits: Confused or fearful behavior toward caregiver.

    • Outcome: Emotional difficulties.

Parenting Styles (Baumrind’s Model)

(Already covered above, but know the link between styles and child outcomes.)

Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory

  1. Preconventional Level (Young Children)

    • Stage 1: Obedience and punishment.

    • Stage 2: Self-interest and rewards.

  2. Conventional Level (Adolescents/Adults)

    • Stage 3: Social approval (“Good boy/girl”).

    • Stage 4: Law and order.

  3. Postconventional Level (Some Adults)

    • Stage 5: Social contract and individual rights.

    • Stage 6: Universal ethical principles.

Harlow’s Monkey Experiment

  • Key Finding: Comfort and emotional connection (contact comfort) are more important than food in forming attachments.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

  1. Physiological Needs: Food, water, shelter.

  2. Safety Needs: Security, stability.

  3. Love and Belonging: Relationships, affection.

  4. Esteem Needs: Confidence, achievement.

  5. Self-Actualization: Fulfilling potential.

Other Key Terms

  1. Habituation: Decreased response to a repeated stimulus (used to study infant cognition).

  2. Temperament: A child’s innate personality and emotional reactivity.

  3. Resilience: Ability to adapt well to adversity or stress.

  4. Neuroplasticity: The brain's ability to change and adapt, especially during early development.