Cell Reproduction

  • multicellular organisms

    • sexual

      • sexual involves meisosi

      • two parents

      • fusion of 2 gametes

      • produces variation

    • asexual

      • involes mitosis

      • one parent, no gametes

      • no variation

    • bacteria reproduce asexual through binarry fission

  • test question***: cells must be told to divide, they do not divide meaninglessly

    • if cell divides without being told that cancer

  • I - PMAT Cytokinesis

  • Interphase, promhase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokensis

  • mitosis

    • new nucleic

  • ***actin cleave the furrows in cytokinesis

  • control fo the cell cycle

    • grwoth factors

    • GF binds to fibroblast and epithetical cells

    • tells the cells to divide, whicever cells were damaged to make new ones

    • MPF - mitosis promoting factor

      • active, kinase, phosphorylates and activates other things, activate the main “computer” that simulates other things

    • cyclin activates all the parts in DNA replication

  • Must know the diseases

    • turney syndrome

    • trisomy x syndrome

    • klinefelter syndrome

    • extra y

  • DO NOT LEARN ABOUT SALVARY GLANDS AND FRUIT FLIES in notes

  • should know about karyotypes

Meisos questions may show up on the test use the practice

  • said it whenthe 4 circles were on the screen part of mcq

cancer

  • metastisize

  • blood, or lymph

test question: in order for all cells to divice need a growth factor, someone recepts to it, but cancer does not need a growth factor

  • proto-oncogenes

    • like gas to a car,

    • normal

  • oncogenes

    • bad, abnormal

  • DO NOT NEED TO KNOW ABOUT

    • carcomas

    • sacrocomas

    • lymphomas

  • tumor suppressor genes

    • like a break to a car

    • p-53 - in 50% of cancer p-53 is mutated

    • on frq

      • **Page 7 under the tumor supressor genes the note in pink and the notes in green that whole section with the star

      • mutations to proto-oncogenes are dominant

        • meaning that if one is mutated it turns into an oncogene

        • only one bad alelle is enough to case damage

      • tumor supressor genes are recessive

        • must knock out both alles for their to actual be damage

      • you need two functioning protoconcogenes but only you need one tumor supressor gene

  • for the proteogene ras

    • left is protoconcogene,, right is tumor suppressor gene

      • proto oncogene

        • **tyrosine-kinase receptor

        • ras

        • g protein sends signal when growth factor binds, but when it is mutated it sends a signal even though it did not get the signal to send the signal

        • and if one of those g protein are mutated it can cause damage because it will constantly send signals, and unecessary cell division

    • tumor supressor gene

      • p53 - is to activate transcription of p21 which should inhibit the cell cycle but if p53 is mutated, then

      • if were missing p21

    • in active form rb portein, the gene is inactived in the regulator protein

    • if rb inactivated, then the active gene

    • normally when the cell is not divided, then the rb is active, if its time to divided then its phosphorylated releases the regulatory protein to start cell division

    • when there is a mutated, rb gets the signal to divide and unbind even though there is no grwoth factor

  • guardian of the genome

    • p53 found in cell 24/7 but is inactive

    • active p53 lands on the dna, heping transcription of p21

    • p53 always avaiable, and turned on when needed and turns on p21

    • p21 job is to hold the s-cyclin cdk complex

      • like puting handcuffs and stops cell division

    • three posibilities if it is damaged

      • fix it

      • apoptosis

      • go to g0 - no more dividing

      • ****test question - recgonized dby cytotoxic t cells (cytotoxic t cells recognoize cancerous cells

    • even though it is tumor supressor gene, one p53 is still enough to cause damage

    • the p53 protein is a quatenary structure

      • made of more than one polypeptides

      • mutate one, the robot can’t form

      • so one mutation is enough

      • p53 even though its a tumor supressor gene and those mutations are receieive it is less resistant to mutations and even one is enough to lose its final shape (quaternary)

  • dna repair mechanisms prevent cancer

    • 97% of dna are non coding anyway

  • DO NOT NEED TO KnOW

    • cancer treatment

      • chemo therpay

      • radiation

  • cyclic AMP - second messanger

    • phosphorylates somethig

    • turns something on

    • could also turn stop off