unit 2

Virginia (Jamestown, 1607):
- Initially struggled ("Starving Time").
- John Rolfe introduced tobacco cultivation, making it economically viable.
- Relied heavily on indentured servants initially, then shifted to African slave labor.
- Headright System: Granted $50$ acres of land to anyone who paid for their own or another's passage, encouraging migration.
- House of Burgesses (1619): First representative assembly in British North America.
- Bacon's Rebellion (1676): Uprising by frontier farmers against Governor Berkeley's perceived favoritism towards wealthy planters and lack of protection against Native American attacks. Led to increased reliance on enslaved labor.
Maryland (1634):
- Founded by Lord Baltimore as a haven for Catholics.
- Act of Toleration (1649): Guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians, but not to non-Christians.

Founded by Puritans and Separatists seeking religious freedom from Angelican Persecution. These groups sought to build a "city upon a hill" (John Winthrop).
High community cohesion and emphasis on religious piety.
Economy: Primarily subsistence farming, fishing, shipbuilding, and trade due to poor soil.
Town Meetings: Direct democracy, particularly in Massachusetts.
Key figures and events:
- Roger Williams: Banished from Massachusetts for advocating for separation of church and state and fair treatment of Native Americans; founded Rhode Island (1636), which offered religious freedom.
- Anne Hutchinson: Banished for challenging Puritan authority and gender roles; advocated for antinomianism (direct revelation from God).
- King Philip's War (Metacom's War, 1675-1676): Bloody conflict between colonists and Native Americans led by Metacom (King Philip), resulting in a colonial victory and significant loss of Native American land and autonomy.

Diversity: Ethnically and religiously diverse due to Dutch (New York) and Quaker (Pennsylvania) influences.
Economy: "Breadbasket colonies" due to fertile soil for grains; also significant trade.
Pennsylvania (1681):
- Founded by William Penn (Quaker).
- Promoted religious toleration, fair dealings with Native Americans, and pacifism.
- Attracted a wide variety of European immigrants.
New York: Originally New Netherland (Dutch), taken by the English in 1664; became a major port city.

Economy: Dominated by cash crops like rice and indigo; heavily reliant on enslaved labor, especially in South Carolina.
Barbados Slave Code: South Carolina had close ties to Barbados, leading to harsh slave codes being implemented.
Georgia (1732):
- Founded by James Oglethorpe as a buffer colony against Spanish Florida and a haven for debtors.
- Initially banned slavery and alcohol, but these policies were later reversed.

Primary labor source in the Chesapeake colonies in the early 17th century.
Contract-based labor for a set period (typically $4-7$ years) in exchange for passage to America, food, and shelter.
Declined after Bacon's Rebellion and as economic conditions in England improved, making slavery more appealing to planters.

Middle Passage: Brutal sea journey for enslaved Africans from Africa to the Americas.
Chattel Slavery: Legal system where enslaved people were treated as property, generational, and based on race.
Slave Codes: Laws enacted to control enslaved populations and deny them basic rights.
African Cultural Resistance: Preservation of African customs, languages, and religions; subtle acts of defiance; occasional slave revolts (e.g., Stono Rebellion, 1739).

Economic theory that colonies exist to benefit the mother country.
Goal: Increase the wealth and power of the nation by accumulating gold and silver and maintaining a favorable balance of trade (exports > imports).
Navigation Acts (starting in 1651): English laws restricting colonial trade to only English ships and ports, requiring certain "enumerated goods" (like tobacco) to be shipped only to England.
Salutary Neglect: British policy of lax enforcement of the Navigation Acts and other laws, allowing colonies significant self-governance. This fostered a sense of independence but ended after the French and Indian War.

Varying interactions: cooperation (e.g., early Pilgrims and Wampanoag), trade, and violent conflict.
Pequot War (1637): Violent conflict between English colonists and the Pequot tribe, leading to the near destruction of the Pequot.
Disease, land encroachment, and cultural clashes as primary causes of conflict.

European intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and scientific inquiry.
Influenced colonial thinkers: Ideas of natural rights, social contract (Locke), and separation of powers (Montesquieu) laid groundwork for American Revolution.

Religious revival characterized by fervent, emotional preaching.
Key figures: Jonathan Edwards ("Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God") and George Whitefield.
Impacts:
- Challenged traditional religious authority.
- Led to the founding of new denominations (e.g., Baptists, Methodists).
- United colonists across different regions and backgrounds.
- Fostered a sense of shared American identity.
- Encouraged questioning of authority, which later contributed to revolutionary sentiment.

Dominion of New England (1686-1689): Attempt by King James II to consolidate New England colonies under a single royal governor (Sir Edmund Andros) to enforce Navigation Acts and assert royal authority. Resented by colonists.
Glorious Revolution (1688): Overthrow of James II in England led to the collapse of the Dominion and renewed colonial assemblies.
Emergence of American Identity: Distance from Britain, experiences with self-governance, diverse populations, and shared cultural and religious movements (Great Awakening) contributed to a distinct colonial identity, separate from Great Britain.