Vocab Quiz over Civil War and Reconstruction 2.0

133. Jefferson Davis- president of the Confederacy during the Civil War, and just like “Robert E. Lee” and “Stonewall Jackson” a HISD school named to identify the school as a “white” school, as opposed to a “black” school like “Jack Yates” or “Booker T. Washington.”

134. Greenbacks- fiat paper currency issued by the United States during the American Civil War that was green on the back. They were legal tender by law, but were not backed by gold or silver, only the credibility of the U.S. government. US money has characteristically had green backsides since.

135. Homestead Act- several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a "homestead", at little or no cost. In all, more than 270 million acres of public land, or nearly 10% of the total area of the U.S., was given away free to 1.6 million homesteaders; mostly west of the Mississippi River.

136. Anaconda Plan- planned blockade of the Southern ports, and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two. The blockade was likened to the coils of an anaconda suffocating its victim. The snake image caught on, giving the proposal its popular name.

137. Gettysburg- Battle that marked the high tide of the South’s advance, and after suffering a crushing defeat, Lee’s Army thereafter was in a state of retreat.

138. Vicksburg- Battle that captured the last strong hold of the South on the Mississippi River, and effectively gave control of the river to the North, and split the Confederacy.

139. Sherman’s March- led by General Sherman across the South using scorch earth warfare. The high point of the campaign was the destruction and burning of Atlanta.

140. Habeas corpus- the legal concept from Western tradition that one is innocent until proven guilty. During the Civil War Lincoln suspended this right to arrest anti-union /pro-confederate advocates in border states, so as to secure them for the Union.

141. Emancipation Proclamation- a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863. It purported to change the federal legal status of more than 3 million enslaved people in the designated areas of the South from "slave" to "free".

142. 13th Amendment- outlawed slavery

143. Draft riots- New York City draft riots (July 13–16, 1863), were violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination of working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War. The riots remain the largest civil and racial insurrection in American history.

144. Copperheads- Northern Peace Democrats who opposed the American Civil War Chapter 15: Reconstruction

145. 14th Amendment- addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws, and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War. The amendment was bitterly contested, particularly by the states of the defeated Confederacy, which were forced to ratify it in order to regain representation in Congress.

146. 15th Amendment- prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude". It was ratified on February 3, 1870, as the third and last of the Reconstruction Amendments.

147. Jim Crow- state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued in force until 1965.

148. Credit Mobilier- scandal which came to public attention in 1872, involving the Union Pacific Railroad and the Crédit Mobilier of America construction company in the building of the First Transcontinental Railroad. The scandal was in two parts. The construction company. $9 million in discounted stock was given as bribes to powerful Washington politicians, including the Vice-President, the Secretary of the Treasury, four senators, and the Speaker and other members of the House.

149. William (Boss) Tweed- widely known as "Boss" Tweed—was an American politician most notable for being the "boss" of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York City and State. Tweed was convicted for stealing an amount estimated by an aldermen's committee in 1877 at between $25 million and $45 million from New York City taxpayers through political corruption, although later estimates ranged as high as $200 million.

150. Thomas Nast- editorial cartoonist considered to be the "Father of the American Cartoon". He was central to exposing the crimes "Boss" Tweed and the Tammany Hall Democratic party political machine through cartoons. Among his notable works were the creation of the modern version of Santa Claus and the political symbol of the elephant for the Republican Party

151. Compromise of 1877- unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election. It resulted in the national government pulling the last federal troops out of the South, and formally ended the Reconstruction Era, ushering in the era of “Jim Crow” all so that Republican Rutherford B. Hayes would be awarded the White House through the electoral college.

152. Reconstruction- refers to the period following the Civil War of rebuilding the United States. It was a time of great pain and endless questions. On what terms would the Confederacy be allowed back into the Union? Who would establish the terms, Congress or the President?

153. Freedman’s Bureau- a U.S. federal government agency established in 1865 to aid freedmen (freed slaves) in the South during the Reconstruction era of the United States, which attempted to change society in the former Confederacy.

154. Radical Republicans- a wing of the Republican Party organized around an uncompromising opposition to slavery before and during the Civil War and a vigorous campaign to secure rights for freed slaves during Reconstruction.

155. Johnson Impeachment- After passing the Tenure of Office Act (1867) that denied the Johnson powers used by previous presidents, Republicans set up President Johnson to break the law, and then by tried him for impeachment. Driven by wide dislike for Johnson’s sympathy for fellow Southern Democrats and ex-Confederates. He avoided conviction by just 1 vote.

156. Carpet baggers- a Northerner who moved to the South after the American Civil War, during the Reconstruction era (1863–1877). Many white Southerners denounced them fearing they would loot and plunder the defeated South and be politically allied with the Radical Republicans.

157. Sharecropping- a new system that replaced slavery, but kept many poor farmers (black and white alike) in poverty.

158. Ku Klux Klan- an extreme reaction to Reconstruction in the South that gave rise to a secret organization that use terror tactics to undue the influence of the North, the rise of oppor