Neuro exam #2 notes (copy)

Basla ganglia = Motor movement

Corpus striatum: Basil ganglia & internal Capsule

Lenticular nucleous: putament and globus pallious

Caudate nucleous divided in to head body, tail (inhibitory)

amygdala: Almond shape and attached to tail of caudate nucleous. Handles emotion in limbic system

ganglia: nerve cell bodies

"Basal ganglia is always viewed in Coronal view (grey matter)

Area of white matter running through basal ganglia is internal capsule

Internal capsule is where axons come together

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internal capsule between lenticular & Caudate nuclei (Myelinated fiber tracks) that connect the cortex

Coronal radiata is the way nerve fibers (and signals) go up or down in the brain (white matter)

projection Fibers (mylenated axon) projects town

Dopamine neurotransmitter the regulates mood+ coordinates motor Movement (produced in midbrain in substantia nigra and is sent through corpus striatum)

Midbrain sits above the pons

Automate: initially learned and mediated by basal ganglia

Tone: internal state of muscle fiber tension in individual muscles

Dyskinesia : motor movement disorder

Basal ganglia disorders

-Tourettes :neurological repetitive stereotyped involuntary movement. mediated by medication (no cure)

-Parkinson's degenerative substantia Nigra disease. symptoms include a hand tremmor, increased tone, bradykinesia: slowness of voluntary movement. It's caused when 60 to 80% of dopamine producing cells are damaged.

The diencephalon (includes thalamus, hypothalamus, eipitjalamis, pituitary and subthalamus)

-thalamus (most internal section 2 lobes)

-hypothalamus (solid structure below thalamus) forms the floor of the lateral walls of third ventricle

-Epithalamus (includes pineal gland and produces melatonin ) sleep wake cycle

-Subthalamus (inferior/below thalamus) motor movement (secondary)

Subthalamus has connections to the basal ganglia, thalamus, and brainstem.

-Pituitary gland hormones and growth.

-Thalamus receives info from cerebellum, basal ganglia, and all sensory pathways not including olfactory tract, then send the messages to cortex

Lateral geniculate nucleous :visual

Medial geniculate :auditory

Ventrolateral geniculate :primary motor

Ventral posterolateral: primary sensory

Hypothalamus -works via pituitary gland and controlled temperature, thirst,hunger, regulation, circadian rythm (sleep), emotions and emotional regulation. (Diabetes originates here)

Limbic system (subcortical structures and the cortex)

Sensory cortex, cingulate gyrus and hippocampus, Hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, mamilary body, olfactory bulb, and prefrontal cortex make up limbic system.

Limbic system : recent memory, emotion, motivation, reinforcement and reward. Responses mediated include pleasure, satiety, guilt, wakefulness, alertness, excitement and autonomic activity.

Limbic behavior : irrational decisions or actions of limbic system that are altered based on drugs or alcohol

Limbic system

-Amygdala:signals to cortex for motivation, fear, anxiety,mating, reproduction. Plays role in feelings

-hippocampus:long term memory formation

-Cingulate gyris: anxiety, panic, compulsion

-Mamilary body:plays role in memory formation

-olfactory bulb:smell and associated memory

-prefrontal cortex:decision making

Alzheimer's affects amygdala causing more anxiety or fear

Midbrain: most superior of brainstem

Midbrain has eye movement nerve (occular motor)

Pons : trigeminal and abducens

Medulla has vestibularchoclear and glossopharyngeal (pyramids and decussation)

Axons Cross over in medulla

Coma is a persistent vegitative state.

Reticular formation -nuclei in brainstem.

Learning (assending formation) alerts nervous system of sleep and wake cycle and projects from the thalamus

Calming (descending formation) Posture equilibrium, sleep, coma.Info is given from the hypothalamus. This is involved in reflexive behaviors like chewing and swallowing

Cerebellum is posterior to the brain stem

Anterior or top of cerebellum is included in proprioceptive input from the spinal cord

Posterior at the bottom of the cerebellum is involved in coordination of muscle movements and inhibits involuntary movement

Flocculonodular internal maintenance of equilibrium

Cerebellum is involved in memory, motor coordination of fine movements, attributes to rapid speech. Is dorsal to the pond a medulla and is separated by the fourth ventricle with two hemispheres and three lobes.

The cerebellum maintains posture, coordinates fine muscle movements and motor learning through trial and error.

Diadockinesia is rapid movement

Lesions can cause errors in movement but not paralysis

Ataxia is damaged to the cerebellum causes unsteady walk or unsteady posture.

Atacic dysarthria: is in the cerebellum and affects respiration, phonation resonation and articulation

Ventricles

Meninges are three layers of delicate tissues around the brain.

The meningeal layers are duramater which is under the skull arachnoid matter which is web like the hold’s cerebral fluid and the pia matter

meningitis is the infection of the meningeal layers

Dura matter (middle layer) -adheres to the skull and includes the epidural and subdural space

Arachnoid mater is in the subarachnoid space and has CSF

Pia matter lowest level adheres to sulci

The ventricle system and ventricles are all connected together

Lateral ventricles have anterior horns in the frontal lobe

3rd ventricle- lies between thalamic lobes

4th ventricle is between the cerebellum and pons

CSF- Cerebral Spinal Fluid is a clear liquid produced in the ventricles and found in the subarachnoid space. It cushions the brain while transporting hormones

Chorid Plexus- is in each of the ventricles and is the area CSF is produced

Lumbar puncture/ Spinal Tap- is a procedure where CSF is analyzed and taken through a space in the subarachnoid section of the spine.

Hydrocephalus is when there is too much fluid in the brain and it can be caused by blockage, excessive production, meningitis, and or tumors.

Blood transports oxygen to the body

Aorta is the main artery in the body and supplies all the body (except lungs) with blood

The common carotid artery divides into the external carotid and the unternal carotid

External carotid supplies the face with blood

internal carotid supplies the brain with blood

the 3 arteries that supply the brain with blood are the middle cerebral, anterior cerebral (which are both branches of the internal carotid) and the posterior cerebral (connect to basilar artery)

The vertebral arteries connect to the basilar artery in the pons

The basilar artery connects to posterior cerebral artery

Anterior vertibral artery supplies blood to medial cortex including the motor sensorship.

middle vertibral artery is the entire bilateral area of both hemispheres and includes brocas, weirnekes, and angular gyrus.

Posterior vertebral (Medial and inferior temporal and occipital, thalumus, hypothalamus)

Posterior communicating artery: connect the Internal carotid and posterior cerebral

Anterior Communicating artery connects the two anterior cerebral arteries

ARTERIES COME TOGETHER IN THE CIRCLE OF WILLIS

Circle of willis is a failsafe in blood supply to brain (blood can travel differents paths if blockage)

akinesia-no movement

ataxia-unsteady walking posture (shuffling)

Basil Ganglia responsible for smooth motor movements.

Most common cva(cerebral vascular attack) is a left middle cerebral

Left Middle cerebral stroke is the most common type of stroke

Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and it builds up and hardens in the blood causing narrow arteries.

Atherosclerosis-Is a disease when plaque builds up inside arteries. it can lead to heart attack, stroke, or even death.

Men are more likely to have a stroke, but women have more strokes (because they live longer)

CVA (Cerebrovascular Accident) is an interruption of blood flow to the brain. 

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) is a CVA caused by temporary blockage of artery (fixes itself)

Ischemic- is a CVA stroke where there is sudden loss of brain function either a partial or complete obstruction of blood flow to the brain

Lacunar stroke- occlusions or blockages in the subcortical region

Aphasia-aquired deficit in language ability resulting from brain damage.

embolic stroke -when a clot is formed and dislodges from where it originate and blocks supply to area of the brain

Thrombotic stroke- when a clot forms and prevents blood flow

hemorrhagic stroke is caused by bleeding in the brain

aneurysm-is when an air bubble expands in the brain and causes a burst.

Pons: connects the cerebrum and cerebellum, involved in sleep, respiration, swallowing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, and posture.

Trigeminal nerve ($V$): provides sensation and controls the muscles in face.(chewing). In pons

Abducens nerve ($VI$): controls eye movement. In pons

Medulla: connects the brain to the spinal cord, regulating vital functions like heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and reflex activities such as vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing.

Vestibulocochlear nerve ($VIII$): involved in hearing and balance. I'm medulla

Glossopharyngeal nerve ($IX$): responsible for taste, swallowing. In medulla

Vagus nerve ($X$): innervates most visceral organs (including the heart, lungs, and digestive tract),(In medulla)